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關(guān)注丨無人機飛行管控新條例將于2024年1月1日起實施

2023-12-20 16:23:28 來源:農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:26175 評論

導讀:由國務院和中央軍委于2023年6月28日正式公布的《無人駕駛航空器飛行管理暫行條例》(第761號)即將于2024年1月1日起正式生效施行。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 政策與標準】近年來,我國無人駕駛航空器產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展,已廣泛應用于農(nóng)業(yè)、國土、物流、科研、國防等領(lǐng)域,對促進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。與此同時,實踐中無人駕駛航空器“黑飛”擾航、失控傷人、偷拍侵權(quán)等問題日益凸顯,威脅航空安全、公共安全和國家安全,風險挑戰(zhàn)不容忽視。且隨著無人機用戶的不斷增多,飛行管控不可或缺。
 
  國務院和中央軍委2023年6月28日正式公布《無人駕駛航空器飛行管理暫行條例》(第761號)即將于2024年1月1日起正式生效施行。該條例旨在規(guī)范無人駕駛航空器飛行以及有關(guān)活動,促進無人駕駛航空器產(chǎn)業(yè)健康有序發(fā)展,維護航空安全、公共安全、國家安全等。
 
  《條例》規(guī)定了一系列制度措施,概括起來主要有三個方面:
 

  一是加強對民用無人駕駛航空器及操控人員的管理。具體包括:實行適航和質(zhì)量管理制度,從事中型、大型民用無人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)的設計、生產(chǎn)、進口、飛行和維修活動應當依法申請取得有關(guān)適航許可;微型、輕型、小型民用無人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)應當符合產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量法律法規(guī)有關(guān)規(guī)定以及有關(guān)強制性國家標準,并執(zhí)行缺陷產(chǎn)品召回制度。建立產(chǎn)品識別碼和實名登記制度,生產(chǎn)者應當為其生產(chǎn)的民用無人駕駛航空器設置唯一產(chǎn)品識別碼,所有者應當依法進行實名登記。
 
  根據(jù)條例第10條規(guī)定,民用無人機登記管理包括實名注冊登記、國籍登記。除微型無人機以外的民用無人機應當向民用航空管理機構(gòu)實名注冊登記(注冊網(wǎng)址:https://uom.caac.gov.cn/#/login),涉及境外飛行的民用無人駕駛航空器應當依法進行國籍登記。
 
  在未實名登記情況下進行飛行活動的,由公安機關(guān)責令改正,可處200元以下罰款;情節(jié)嚴重的,處2000元以上2萬元以下罰款。涉及境外飛行的民用無人駕駛航空器未依法進行國籍登記的,由民用航空管理部門責令改正,處1萬元以上10萬元以下罰款。(見條例第47條)
 
  完善運營合格證制度,使用除微型以外的民用無人駕駛航空器從事飛行活動的單位,應當申請取得運營合格證。強化操控人員要求,操控小型、中型、大型民用無人駕駛航空器的人員應當申請取得相應操控員執(zhí)照,操控微型、輕型民用無人駕駛航空器應熟練掌握操作方法,了解風險警示信息和有關(guān)管理制度。
 
  根據(jù)條例第16條規(guī)定,從事常規(guī)農(nóng)用無人駕駛航空器作業(yè)飛行活動的人員無需取得操控員執(zhí)照,但應當由農(nóng)用無人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)者按照國務院民用航空、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門規(guī)定的內(nèi)容進行培訓和考核,合格后取得操作證書。
 
  根據(jù)條例第50條規(guī)定,未取得操作證書從事常規(guī)農(nóng)用無人駕駛航空器作業(yè)飛行活動的,由縣級以上地方人民政府農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門責令停止作業(yè),并處1000元以上1萬元以下的罰款。
 
  二是規(guī)范空域劃設和飛行活動。劃設無人駕駛航空器管制空域,未經(jīng)空中交通管理機構(gòu)批準不得在管制空域內(nèi)實施飛行活動。明確隔離飛行為主原則,無人駕駛航空器通常應與有人駕駛航空器隔離飛行。建立飛行活動申請制度,明確需提出飛行活動申請的情形以及審批權(quán)限和審批時限等。強化飛行活動規(guī)范,明確無人駕駛航空器飛行避讓規(guī)則以及禁止性行為等。規(guī)范涉外飛行活動,禁止外國無人駕駛航空器或者由外國人員操控的無人駕駛航空器在我國境內(nèi)實施測繪、電波參數(shù)測試等飛行活動。
 
  三是強化監(jiān)督管理和應急處置。通過無人駕駛航空器一體化綜合監(jiān)管服務平臺對全國無人駕駛航空器實施動態(tài)監(jiān)管與服務。強化監(jiān)管信息公開,向社會公布有關(guān)審批事項、申辦流程、受理單位等信息并及時更新。細化應急處置責任,明確對違規(guī)飛行的處置措施。
 
  從制度層面看,我國現(xiàn)行航空管理制度是基于有人駕駛航空器運行管理模式設計的,缺乏有效針對無人駕駛航空器管理的相關(guān)制度規(guī)定,也難以適應無人駕駛航空器技術(shù)更新快、應用場景廣等特點。制定專門行政法規(guī),及時填補無人駕駛航空器管理法規(guī)空白,依法加強無人駕駛航空器飛行及相關(guān)活動的安全監(jiān)管,有效化解和防范風險,促進相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展,很有必要也非常迫切。由于無人駕駛航空器管理總體上還是新問題,如何做到科學有效管理還需要繼續(xù)探索,因此《條例》使用了“暫行條例”的名稱,今后將在實踐中不斷完善。
 
  注:本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)(dwjfsy.com)整理發(fā)布,資料來源:中國政府網(wǎng)。
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