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愛科農(nóng)藝小課堂：耕作的力量（二）

2020-04-26 10:17:18 來源：愛科在線 閱讀量：22732 評論

導讀：上期的農(nóng)藝小課堂小編已經(jīng)和大家提前預告過，我們將持續(xù)關(guān)注不同的耕作方式對苗床環(huán)境以及后續(xù)糧食產(chǎn)量所產(chǎn)生的影響。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 明星企業(yè)】 上期的農(nóng)藝小課堂小編已經(jīng)和大家提前預告過，我們將持續(xù)關(guān)注不同的耕作方式對苗床環(huán)境以及后續(xù)糧食產(chǎn)量所產(chǎn)生的影響。
 
　　本期我們將結(jié)合實際案例給大家科普三種常見的耕作方式及其對土壤環(huán)境的不同影響。

 
田間中耕 VS 垂直耕作
 
　　首先，我們向大家科普田間中耕和垂直耕作的含義。
 
　　田間中耕
 
　　是指對土壤進行淺層翻倒、疏松表層土壤的耕作方式。
 
　　垂直耕作
 
　　入土較深、作用較強烈、能顯著改變土壤性狀、后效較長、消耗動力多的土壤耕作措施田間中耕。
 
　　在美國南部城市埃爾帕索的一個地塊里，在種植期間我們根據(jù)Smart Firmer® 傳感器收集到的數(shù)據(jù)形成了一份車轍水分地圖。
 
　　根據(jù)地圖顯示：使用田間中耕機進行耕作的田塊對應的深綠色的水分讀數(shù)與使用垂直耕作方式進行的另外一半田塊對應淺綠色(更為干燥)水分讀數(shù)有明顯的差別。
 
　　因此，我們可以得出結(jié)論：
 
　　耕作深度會對土壤濕度產(chǎn)生影響。

上方田塊使用田間中耕方式，下方田塊使用垂直耕作方式
 
　　然而，視覺上的差異還不止于此。這塊地是2019年6月8日開始種植的，而當7月15日，我們到達地塊時已經(jīng)明顯可以看到兩塊地的玉米株高度有差異。同一天，在Climate Field View™上捕捉到了這兩塊地的田塊健康圖像如下 。

上圖植被圖是根據(jù)衛(wèi)星圖像顯示的當前田塊生物量

 
該圖像是田塊健康監(jiān)測地圖，它直觀地表面了田間作物的差異性，顯現(xiàn)出當天該田塊的高低績效區(qū)域。表現(xiàn)較好的區(qū)域為綠色，表現(xiàn)較差的區(qū)域為黃色和紅色。
 
　　北半部田塊在種植前使用了田間中耕機進行翻耕，而南半部田塊是選擇了垂直耕作的方式。
 
　　因而我們進一步得出結(jié)論：
 
　　對于玉米這種作物來說，田間中耕耕作方法可以疏松土壤，流通空氣，保持水分，提高地溫，更適合作物生長，提高種植效率和收獲產(chǎn)量。
 
 
帶狀耕作方式在濕土地的優(yōu)越性
 
　　2019年農(nóng)場春耕期間的濕土環(huán)境對我們正在進行的耕作試驗產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。我們在進行玉米-大豆-玉米的連續(xù)輪番種植時，采用了傳統(tǒng)耕作、帶狀耕作、垂直耕作和免耕制度四種不同方式，系統(tǒng)且直觀地對因為不同耕作方式而對作物產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟影響進行了比較。
 
　　到目前為止，使用傳統(tǒng)耕作的田塊結(jié)果是很差的。所謂傳統(tǒng)耕作是指傳統(tǒng)耕作法可用機械、畜力或人力進行土壤耕作，創(chuàng)造有一定深度的疏松的耕層，并與耙、壓、耱等表土耕作措施相結(jié)合。
 
　　由于早春的時候，田塊太過于潮濕。使用傳統(tǒng)耕作的話，我們須用土壤修整機把田塊挖開，在我們挖開田塊之后，氣溫達到了29到32度，風速達到了每小時40公里。這時田塊表層的約5厘米的土壤將會變得十分干燥。這樣的土壤環(huán)境就會使播種面臨一個挑戰(zhàn)，因為作物需要正確的下壓力和殘留物管理設置，才能達到正確的種植深度。否則你的種子就會落在干土里，繼而影響種植效果。

　　相比之下，帶狀耕作后的田塊可能是我們今年種植玉米和大豆很好的區(qū)域。所謂帶狀耕作是指把坡耕地沿等高線分帶，按不同農(nóng)作物或牧草相間種植。其特點是土壤局部耕作，而全田則終年有覆蓋。松土與板田并存，既有利于作物生長，又有利于保持水土，是一種較好的保護耕作法。
 
　　因此我們可以知道，在濕土環(huán)境中，前期選擇帶狀耕作的話，可以為苗床打下良好的基礎(chǔ)，有效降低后續(xù)播種時的不當操作所帶來的風險，減少投入成本，提高種植效率。

　　今天的耕作方式就給大家介紹到這里，下期我們會與大家一同探討田間殘茬管理的學問，我們不見不見哦！

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