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(一)國四的熱鬧與愛科的門道

2022-11-24 08:35:55 來源:愛科中國 閱讀量:16851 評論

導(dǎo)讀:環(huán)境污染問題日益凸顯,那么為了我們賴以生存的大氣環(huán)保,對排放作出限制就勢在必行。凡事要實行也必須有個標(biāo)準(zhǔn),那么我們就從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看起。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 明星企業(yè)】1892年,狄塞爾(Diesel)成功發(fā)明內(nèi)燃式柴油機(jī),這也就是1000多年前的唐朝有位狄大人一直說的“必有隱情”的引擎。為了表彰狄塞爾的偉大功勛,不僅多國發(fā)行了他的人物郵票,也更是直接以他的名字代表了“柴油”,以此紀(jì)念。
 
  100多年一來,柴油機(jī)的技術(shù)水平不斷提高,這為人民生活水平的不斷提高,可謂是發(fā)揮了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。時至今日,制約柴油機(jī)的好像不再是功率、熱效率、壓縮比等等問題,而偏偏是排氣,你說此事蹊蹺不蹊蹺。
 
  環(huán)境污染問題日益凸顯,那么為了我們賴以生存的大氣環(huán)保,對排放作出限制就勢在必行。凡事要實行也必須有個標(biāo)準(zhǔn),那么我們就從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看起。
 
非道路移動機(jī)械用柴油機(jī)排氣污染物排放指南(部分)
 
  在說國幾之前,我們先看看全球,站的高才能看的遠(yuǎn)。目前全球主流的排放有三種:
 
  第一種歐洲,這也是我們一直的主要參照。
 
  第二種美國,他們執(zhí)行自己的一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn),強(qiáng)大到一定程度自己就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)了。
 
  第三種還處于奔放狀態(tài)幾乎無標(biāo)準(zhǔn),比如非洲。
 
  從上面的表上大家看阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字能簡單的看出來,我們的國四≈歐四,但加入了PN這一項呢又是在向歐五靠攏了。歐洲從2019年開始實行歐五,有消息稱我們2027年會有國五,爭取逐步趕上。不過目前我們的鄰居韓日實行的還是歐四,所以至少在這一塊的排放上,我們國四后對韓日馬上就硬氣了,不像現(xiàn)在的世界杯,我們只能做純看客。
 
  阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字看完以后,就該看英文字母了,事物總是這么的循序漸進(jìn),然后方能漸入佳境。先進(jìn)行名詞解釋:
 
  CO:這個大家應(yīng)該都認(rèn)識,一氧化碳是煤氣的主要成分,可以使人窒息中毒。
 
  HC:烴(tīng ),碳?xì)浠衔?,它也是柴油本身的重要組成部分。它不是一種物質(zhì),是一類物質(zhì)的統(tǒng)稱。既然是一類物質(zhì),那么它的危害也是多種多樣,主要是會致癌。
 
  NOx:氮氧化物,于環(huán)境來說它會形成酸雨或者和HC結(jié)合形成光化學(xué)煙霧。對人直接來說,主要會引起呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病。有時候我們聽到的“笑氣”也屬于氮氧化物。
 
  PM:這個一直比較熱門,于柴油機(jī)來講主要就是碳煙微粒。如果小時候燒過灶頭的會有直觀感受,危害也就不用講了。
 
  PN:這個說的是上面PM的數(shù)量,就是有多少個微小顆粒。不僅要以質(zhì)量來控制顆粒的總量,還要要求顆粒數(shù)量也不能超,兩手抓,兩手硬。這也是歐五和歐四的最主要區(qū)別,我們一步到位在國四上直接享受了。
 
  既然有這么多的東西有這么多的危害,那怎么辦呢。無非兩點,要么發(fā)動機(jī)本身少排要么排出來后再進(jìn)行處理,而國四的后處理系統(tǒng)就是在這樣的背景下應(yīng)運而生的。
 
  上圖是目前常規(guī)的全套后處理方案,并且順序不能亂,一定是1234,但并不是說所有的發(fā)動機(jī)都一定同時用上了這四個方式。
 
  目前主要是兩種路線,馬力稍微小一點的采用123,馬力大點的就得是234。我們可以再回上去看下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表,畢竟不同馬力段國四排放還是有差異的,比如小于130KW的排放中NOx的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相對還是要低一些的。
 
  既然是兩種方案,那肯定是有區(qū)別的。我們先看下123這個方案,其中采用中的EGR模塊,俗稱廢氣再循環(huán),循環(huán)這個詞比較好聽,但我覺得不甚恰當(dāng),這里叫做廢氣再回爐可能更直觀。簡單講就是讓燃燒后的廢氣其中一部分繼續(xù)進(jìn)入缸套再次參與燃燒。這樣的話,對排放污染物肯定有幫助,也就是排氣管肯定開心些。有人開心就有人不開心,對發(fā)動機(jī)本身而言,就難說了。
 
  首先,它會增加油耗,一般來講5%左右肯定是有的。另外也會一定程度上影響性能,有動態(tài)響應(yīng)試驗表明,在加載1S后,EGR車型輸出扭矩要比普通車型低16%。其次,由于其沒有采用SCR,那么為了防止產(chǎn)生過多的NOx,必須控制燃燒溫度不能過高。因為溫度越高、壓力越大,氧氣越充分,NOx越多。
 
  可問題是,地球人都知道,在一定工況條件下,溫度越高、壓力越大,氧氣越充分,功率才越大。不管是柴油機(jī)還是飛機(jī)火箭都是如此。不僅僅如此,如果排氣溫度相對偏低,也不利于DOC和DPF的工作,如下圖能明顯看到,紅色區(qū)域為DOC的高效率區(qū),而這些區(qū)域都在相對的高溫區(qū)。DPF也是如此,其被動再生的溫度必須維持在250以上,如果不能維持溫度,那么較容易被碳煙微粒堵塞。之前沸沸揚揚某汽車的堵塞有很大因素可能就是溫度不夠。
 
DOC的工作效率與溫度關(guān)系圖
 
  (縱軸為效率/橫軸為溫度)
 
  最后,凡事有弊也必有利,只在權(quán)衡間。由于123方案,沒有SCR這個裝置,也就不存在這個部件的故障,整車價格會相對低些。另外不需要加尿素,心理上的使用成本會低些,請注意“心理上”。畢竟人的認(rèn)知除了客觀上,心理上有時候會占據(jù)上風(fēng)。就像歌里唱的“明明知道不可以,卻偏偏自己騙自己”。大家要多做“明明”,少做“偏偏”,因為輸不起。
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