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實(shí)施節(jié)水灌溉真的很難嗎？那是你沒用對(duì)方法

2018-03-22 17:18:39 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：33721 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：春分剛過，越冬作物進(jìn)入生長階段，北方雨少地區(qū)要開始春灌，需水量開始增大。水利是農(nóng)業(yè)的命脈，在人類所有的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水量占至80%的比例，尤其我國作為農(nóng)業(yè)大國，水資源緊缺問題越來越突出。而在廣大農(nóng)村，目前水利灌溉還是以粗放型的大水漫灌為主，這種灌溉模式不僅嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)水資源，而且效率低下；水利條件稍好的地方有溝渠灌溉，但由于蒸發(fā)量大，水資源利用率依然很低。此外，溝渠的修建，占用了約14%的耕地，

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 春分剛過，越冬作物進(jìn)入生長階段，北方雨少地區(qū)要開始春灌，需水量開始增大。水利是農(nóng)業(yè)的命脈，在人類所有的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水量占至80%的比例，尤其我國作為農(nóng)業(yè)大國，水資源緊缺問題越來越突出。而在廣大農(nóng)村，目前水利灌溉還是以粗放型的大水漫灌為主，這種灌溉模式不僅嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)水資源，而且效率低下；水利條件稍好的地方有溝渠灌溉，但由于蒸發(fā)量大，水資源利用率依然很低。此外，溝渠的修建，占用了約14%的耕地，又造成了耕地資源的浪費(fèi)。結(jié)合我國國情，在農(nóng)村地區(qū)推廣節(jié)水灌溉意義重大。
 
　　國家大力提倡節(jié)水灌溉，為何農(nóng)民熱情不高？——節(jié)水設(shè)施投資大、回收慢
 
　　節(jié)水灌溉的主要投資是管網(wǎng)建設(shè)，面積越大，投資越多；而采用大水漫灌形式，水費(fèi)便宜，從目前情況來看，除水庫水和河水外，機(jī)井水的水費(fèi)成本基本上只由電費(fèi)和機(jī)井看管人的工資兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成，正是因?yàn)橥顿Y少，不少農(nóng)民都更愿意選擇大水漫灌；除此之外，目前我國人均土地面積只有1.3畝，除去大規(guī)模集體化農(nóng)田，小農(nóng)戶因?yàn)橥恋匾?guī)模小，安裝大型節(jié)水灌溉設(shè)施不切實(shí)際，因此漫灌形式普遍存在。
 
　　國家政策方面，鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略指出，“要加強(qiáng)農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)，實(shí)施國家農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水行動(dòng)，加快灌區(qū)續(xù)建配套與現(xiàn)代化改造，推進(jìn)小型農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施達(dá)標(biāo)提質(zhì)，建設(shè)一批重大節(jié)水灌溉工程。”同時(shí)，2018年農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼政策節(jié)水灌溉名列其中，這對(duì)提高農(nóng)民積極性、進(jìn)一步推廣節(jié)水灌溉提供了助力。
 
　　立足國情，因地制宜推廣節(jié)水灌溉
 
 
　　在平原土地規(guī)模連塊、地下水資源充沛地區(qū)推廣大型噴灌機(jī)。大型噴灌機(jī)效率極高，具有實(shí)用、先進(jìn)、噴灑均勻、節(jié)能、節(jié)水和自動(dòng)化程度高等特點(diǎn)，但對(duì)地塊要求較高，適合國營農(nóng)場或適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營的矩形田上作業(yè)。
 
　　在面積狹小、極為缺水的地區(qū)推廣滴水灌溉，如西北地區(qū)，水資源總體較少。為了充分節(jié)省水資源，好鋼用在刀刃上，采用節(jié)水效率高的滴灌，大限度地保證所有灌溉水都施加在植物根部，減少蒸發(fā)與滲漏的損失，運(yùn)行良好的滴管系統(tǒng)能夠達(dá)到90%以上的灌溉水利用效率。
 
　　總之，各地區(qū)因地制宜推廣適用當(dāng)?shù)氐墓?jié)水灌溉技術(shù)，根據(jù)不同農(nóng)作物不同時(shí)期的實(shí)際需求量調(diào)節(jié)灌溉量，結(jié)合先進(jìn)的設(shè)備、技術(shù)為農(nóng)作物創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更加適宜的水分條件，以此提高水資源利用率，改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

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