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冬季蔬菜防災減災技術(shù)指導意見

2025-01-15 09:10:20 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 閱讀量:14525 評論

導讀:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜專家指導組、國家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系,研究提出冬季蔬菜防災減災技術(shù)指導意見。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 進入嚴冬,部分地區(qū)持續(xù)低溫寡照和雨雪冰凍災害天氣風險加大,為提前應對、主動防范災害性天氣對蔬菜生產(chǎn)的不利影響,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜專家指導組、國家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系,研究提出冬季蔬菜防災減災技術(shù)指導意見。
 
  一、防范應對持續(xù)低溫寡照天氣
 
  (一)選抗逆品種,培育壯苗。北方設(shè)施蔬菜產(chǎn)區(qū)選擇耐低溫弱光、坐果能力強、抗病的茄果和瓜豆類蔬菜品種,采用生物基質(zhì)育苗,適當控水,避免徒長苗、高腳苗定植入棚。南方露地蔬菜產(chǎn)區(qū)選擇耐低溫寡照的葉菜類、根菜類和果菜類蔬菜,蔬菜出苗后控水控肥,避免弱苗出現(xiàn)。
 
  (二)加強保溫蓄熱,提高地溫。設(shè)施蔬菜在設(shè)施外安置防風屏障,設(shè)施內(nèi)進行多層覆蓋,加強保溫蓄熱。注意農(nóng)膜與蔬菜之間要保持10厘米以上距離,防止葉片觸及農(nóng)膜而發(fā)生冷害。蔬菜行間撒施谷殼灰、草木灰、火土灰、麥糠等,或在畦面和蔬菜上覆蓋秸稈、稻草等,以提高地溫,減輕低溫危害,有條件的可用加熱設(shè)備進行增溫。露地蔬菜在災害天氣來臨前2天晴天時,采用膜下暗灌或滴灌的方式澆灌一次防凍水,防止地溫驟降,低溫天氣時,苗期蔬菜可用小拱棚保溫,大田蔬菜可在田間設(shè)擋風屏障。
 
  (三)適時人工補光,增加光照。設(shè)施內(nèi)安裝補光燈,選用功率1000W左右的白熾燈泡,間隔10米放置1盞,每日補光4小時。無人工補光條件的,通過早揭晚蓋保溫覆蓋物,保證光照時長。通過及時整枝吊蔓,減少植株間遮擋,適時通風減少棚膜表面水珠,以及在溫室北墻張掛反光膜,增加溫室內(nèi)光照。
 
  (四)加強生產(chǎn)管理,控水控氮。低溫寡照天氣下,適當減少澆水追肥。如果蔬菜出現(xiàn)缺水萎蔫,應選擇在晴天時進行膜下滴灌或膜下澆小水,并隨水追肥,追肥以多元復合肥為主,避免偏施氮肥。也可葉面噴施適宜濃度的蕓苔素內(nèi)酯等抗冷誘導劑,并以0.3%復合肥和0.2%氯化鈣作為追肥,提高植株抗性。
 
  (五)及時通風降濕,防控病蟲。北方設(shè)施生產(chǎn)要科學調(diào)控空氣濕度,及時通風,盡量安排在晴天中午通風。及時摘除病葉、老葉、黃葉,改善植株間通風透光條件,預防病蟲害發(fā)生。南方冬季低溫寡照往往伴隨高濕,容易誘發(fā)露地葉菜灰霉、猝倒、菌核等病害發(fā)生,要及時噴施低毒低殘留廣譜性殺菌劑,防止病害蔓延。
 
  二、防范應對雨雪冰凍天氣
 
  )關(guān)注天氣變化,保溫增溫。密切關(guān)注天氣變化,及早做好應對準備。提前維護加固蔬菜生產(chǎn)設(shè)施,老舊設(shè)施或跨度較大、骨架已變形的設(shè)施,支設(shè)立柱支撐加固,修補破損棚膜。強降溫來臨前,在溫室采光面覆蓋保溫被,內(nèi)部增設(shè)防寒幕,密封棚室棚膜,利用補光加溫設(shè)備增光增溫。露地蔬菜可在植株上覆蓋塑料薄膜、無紡布或遮陽網(wǎng)等,天氣轉(zhuǎn)好后適時撤去,但注意冰雪天氣結(jié)束當天不宜立即撤去,避免冰雪消融引起極端低溫。
 
  )提高植株抗性,防控病害。雨雪冰凍災害來臨前,葉面噴施0.3%磷酸二氫鉀、0.3%硝酸鈣和1%葡萄糖混合液,或者0.5%氯化鈣混合1%葡萄糖液(0.01%蕓苔素內(nèi)酯2000—3000倍液或1%白砂糖水溶液),增強植株抗性。也可采用“壅土護根”方法,在畦溝或植株行間撒施適量的農(nóng)家肥,中耕時將土和農(nóng)家肥培于蔬菜根旁,以提高地溫、提供營養(yǎng)。雨雪冰凍災害期間,選用煙劑、微粉劑防治低溫高濕病害。災害過后,及時清除田間死株、病株及受凍植株,噴灑一次多菌靈、百菌清等低毒低殘留廣譜性殺菌劑,強化病害預防。
 
  (三)及時清溝掃雪,挖溝排水。雨雪冰凍期間,及時清掃設(shè)施頂部及周圍的積雪,尤其注意大雪時邊降雪、邊清除,并加強夜間除雪。棚頂積雪無法及時清除、存在棚室坍塌風險時,及時破膜保棚。冰雪災害后,盡快清理疏通圍溝、廂溝和畦溝,清理田間積雪,加快排水,降低菜田地下水位及土壤濕度。地勢低洼、排水不暢的田塊,要加深溝渠或加挖排水溝。
 
  (四)適時揭被透光,避免凍害。天氣轉(zhuǎn)晴后,適時逐步漸進式揭開保溫被,防止突然見光導致蔬菜葉片急性萎蔫。若發(fā)生葉片萎蔫應立即蓋上,等恢復后再揭開,反復數(shù)次直到植株不再萎蔫后再轉(zhuǎn)入正常揭蓋管理。蔬菜萎蔫可噴施清水或1%的海藻酸溶液。晴天中午及時通小風以消霧透光。露地蔬菜及時清除植株上的積雪,避免升溫后在葉面形成冰凌,造成凍害。
 
  (五)做好搶收搶播,降低損失。災害來臨前,抓緊搶收成熟蔬菜。災害發(fā)生后,及早采收具有商品性的蔬菜,減少損失。對嚴重受凍的蔬菜,在天晴時抓緊翻犁,待氣溫回暖后改種小白菜、生菜、芥菜、菠菜、茼蒿等速生類蔬菜。
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