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北方春季蔬菜生產管理技術指導意見

2024-03-15 09:44:28 來源:全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心 閱讀量:18592 評論

導讀:為提高生產技術水平,保障蔬菜穩(wěn)定供應,農業(yè)農村部種植業(yè)管理司組織全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心、農業(yè)農村部蔬菜專家指導組、國家大宗蔬菜產業(yè)技術體系,研究提出北方春季蔬菜生產管理技術指導意見。

  【農機網 熱點關注】 當前,北方日光溫室越冬茬蔬菜處于收獲期,冬春茬果菜多數處于營養(yǎng)生長期,大棚春提早栽培蔬菜即將陸續(xù)開始定植,越冬的露地蔬菜逐漸恢復生長。為提高生產技術水平,保障蔬菜穩(wěn)定供應,農業(yè)農村部種植業(yè)管理司組織全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心、農業(yè)農村部蔬菜專家指導組、國家大宗蔬菜產業(yè)技術體系,研究提出北方春季蔬菜生產管理技術指導意見。
 
  一、設施蔬菜
 
  (一)溫度管理。越冬茬蔬菜溫室內最低溫度保持在10℃以上,在出入口和前屋面近地面處懸掛薄膜、上通風口的下方懸掛緩沖膜等增強保溫。若遇強降溫極端天氣,可多層覆蓋保溫或使用增溫塊、電熱爐等臨時加溫。冬春茬果菜類蔬菜管理重點是促進生根壯秧和開花坐果,前期溫度白天保持26—30℃,夜間最低溫度保持13—15℃,長勢強的可適當降低夜溫,長勢弱的宜適當提高夜溫。
 
  (二)光照管理。通過早揭晚蓋保溫被、配置植物補光燈、后墻掛反光膜等措施,增加光照強度和時長,促進光合作用。若遇連陰天或雨雪天氣,白天盡量揭開保溫被,使蔬菜接受散射光。久陰乍晴天氣,中午前后要適當進行回苫管理(放一半保溫被),避免植株失水萎蔫。
 
  (三)濕度管理。在保證溫度前提下增加通風時間和通風量,當濕度過大時,在保溫被揭開后先進行20分鐘左右的短時間頂部通風排濕,然后再根據蔬菜生長和室內溫度情況進行通風管理。連續(xù)陰雨雪天氣,在中午溫度高時短時間通風10—20分鐘。
 
  (四)水肥管理。水分管理宜采取地膜下澆小水,或膜下滴灌、微噴灌方式。越冬茬蔬菜早春施肥宜堅持少量多次原則,因地制宜增施生物菌肥、腐植酸肥、魚蛋白、甲殼素及海藻酸等利于養(yǎng)根的肥料,注意補充鈣硼肥。葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀及氨基酸營養(yǎng)液,宜在早晚時段進行,避免晴天中午噴施,以防蒸發(fā)濃縮產生肥害。冬春茬果菜類蔬菜坐果前盡量少澆水,若土壤干旱可適當澆小水,并配合使用海藻酸、生物菌劑等肥料。坐果后逐漸加大水肥供應,追肥時注意補充磷肥、鈣肥、硼肥。
 
  (五)植株管理。春季溫室蔬菜易出現根系早衰和生長點萎縮現象,要適當疏果,疏除小果、畸形果,及時采收成熟果,適時整枝落蔓,摘除老、病葉片。
 
  (六)病蟲害防治。加強病蟲監(jiān)測,抓住關鍵防治期,落實色板誘殺、防蟲網等綠色防控措施。及時清除發(fā)病植株和殘枝敗葉,防止病害傳播??茖W使用高效、低毒、低殘留農藥,優(yōu)先采用廣譜性煙霧劑或微粉劑防治病害,通過煙霧機、彌粉機等設備施藥。嚴格執(zhí)行農藥安全使用間隔期,做到輪換用藥。
 
  二、露地蔬菜
 
  (一)苗期管理。采用集約化育苗技術,培育早春定植的露地蔬菜壯苗。降低苗床溫度,加大晝夜溫差,果菜類蔬菜白天氣溫不超過25℃,夜間8—10℃,甘藍、花椰菜等喜冷涼蔬菜可進一步降低溫度至3—5℃。葉面噴施低溫保護劑或誘抗劑,增強幼苗在低溫天氣下的適應能力。定植前先完成煉苗,一般在出圃前7—10天,控制澆水,保持基質水分含量在60%左右。
 
  (二)田間管理。新定植蔬菜宜采用地膜覆蓋,定植后適當控水,提高土壤溫度,促進緩苗。定植后如遇倒春寒天氣,可使用無紡布、遮陽網、廢舊棚膜等輕型覆蓋材料進行覆蓋保溫。露地越冬蔬菜受冬季低溫影響生長遲緩的,早春返青后要澆好返青水,施好返青肥,促進根系生長。
 
  (三)防災管理。對發(fā)生輕度凍害或低溫冷害的蔬菜,可葉面噴施氨基酸、磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥,同時根部配合施用腐植酸、海藻酸等促根肥料,促進植株盡快恢復生長。生育后期,重點要加強水肥管理和植株調整,做好病蟲害防控。
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