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糧食機(jī)收減損關(guān)鍵機(jī)械化技術(shù)探討

2024-05-22 10:43:01 來(lái)源:山東農(nóng)機(jī)化網(wǎng) 閱讀量:19931 評(píng)論

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 隨著國(guó)民對(duì)糧食需求的不斷增加,提高糧食產(chǎn)量、減少糧食生產(chǎn)各環(huán)節(jié)的損失就成為業(yè)界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。在糧食生產(chǎn)全程全面機(jī)械化的今天,與機(jī)械化相關(guān)的機(jī)器性能、機(jī)手操作技能和機(jī)收技術(shù)路線選擇等關(guān)鍵技術(shù),將直接關(guān)系糧食減損效果。
 
  一、玉米收獲減損的國(guó)標(biāo)要求
 
  玉米機(jī)收損失是指,在玉米收獲過(guò)程中,由于機(jī)器故障、操作不當(dāng)、作物狀態(tài)、天氣狀況等因素導(dǎo)致的玉米掉落、破損等現(xiàn)象。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),玉米機(jī)收損失率一般為4%—10%,主要包括籽粒破碎、落粒和夾帶造成的損失。根據(jù)GB/T21962—2020《玉米收獲機(jī)械》,對(duì)玉米機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量提出如下要求。
 
  玉米果穗收獲機(jī):總損失率不高于3.5%、籽粒破碎率不高于0.8%、果穗含雜率不高于1.0%、苞葉剝凈率不低于85%,無(wú)明顯漏收、漏割。
 
  玉米籽粒收獲機(jī):總損失率不高于4.0%、籽粒破碎率不高于5.0%、籽粒含雜率不高于2.5%,無(wú)明顯漏收、漏割。
 
  玉米穗莖兼收收獲機(jī):總損失率不高于3.5%、籽粒破損率不高于0.8%、果穗含雜率不高于1.0%、苞葉剝凈率不低于85%,無(wú)明顯漏收、漏割。
 
  二、玉米機(jī)收損失的分類
 
  1.摘穗過(guò)程的損失。首先,在非對(duì)行玉米機(jī)收獲中,當(dāng)植株生長(zhǎng)排列與收割機(jī)行距不匹配時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致摘穗不徹底增加損失。其次,在摘穗過(guò)程中,如果玉米籽粒沒(méi)有成熟或者脫落時(shí)機(jī)不當(dāng),就會(huì)導(dǎo)致籽粒脫落損失。第三,如果摘穗設(shè)備出現(xiàn)損壞或者存在間隙調(diào)整不當(dāng)問(wèn)題,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致摘穗不徹底或者籽粒脫落。
 
  2.輸送過(guò)程的損失。在收獲過(guò)程中,機(jī)械設(shè)備不穩(wěn)定和運(yùn)輸顛簸將直接影響籽粒脫落。例如,割臺(tái)震動(dòng)很容易導(dǎo)致籽粒脫落。其次,從割臺(tái)到攪龍?jiān)俚缴\(yùn)器的輸送中,果穗碰撞果穗一定會(huì)有籽粒損失;在剝皮機(jī)到果穗箱的銜接處,卸果穗過(guò)程也會(huì)造成籽粒損失。
 
  3.剝皮過(guò)程的損失。剝皮輥表面形狀決定了其作用力的大小和方向,而轉(zhuǎn)速則會(huì)影響剝皮速度和籽粒脫落程度。如果剝皮輥形狀過(guò)于尖銳或轉(zhuǎn)速過(guò)高,容易導(dǎo)致籽粒脫落;如果形狀過(guò)于平緩或轉(zhuǎn)速過(guò)低,則可能導(dǎo)致籽粒破碎。兩種情況都會(huì)導(dǎo)致?lián)p失增加。其次,剝皮輥和壓送器的間隙過(guò)大,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致籽粒無(wú)法及時(shí)脫落,間隙過(guò)小則可能導(dǎo)致籽粒過(guò)度擠壓而破碎;壓送器位置也會(huì)影響籽粒脫落和破碎情況。
 
  4.籽?;厥者^(guò)程的損失。如果籽粒回收單向攪龍清選能力不足,或清選方式、密封不好和容量過(guò)大都會(huì)導(dǎo)致?lián)p失;清選方式不合適,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致籽粒中雜質(zhì)過(guò)多,影響品質(zhì);密封不良可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致籽粒在回收過(guò)程中掉落,增加損失;回收容量過(guò)度飽和也可能導(dǎo)致籽粒溢出,增加損失。
 
  5.機(jī)器狀況造成的損失。如果機(jī)器沒(méi)有及時(shí)檢修保養(yǎng),或在投入使用前沒(méi)有進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)脑囀蘸驼{(diào)整,如果機(jī)器間隙調(diào)整不當(dāng),都可能導(dǎo)致機(jī)收損失。除以上機(jī)械相關(guān)因素外,其它農(nóng)藝因素如作物狀態(tài)不良造成也會(huì)造成籽粒損失。首先,生長(zhǎng)不良的玉米植株較為瘦弱,秸稈較細(xì),容易倒伏,這會(huì)導(dǎo)致收獲過(guò)程中籽粒損失;過(guò)于茂密的玉米植株,會(huì)增加機(jī)收難度并造成損失。其次,不同品種玉米籽粒硬度、韌性以及含水率存在差異,會(huì)導(dǎo)致收獲中產(chǎn)生不同程度損失。例如,一些硬質(zhì)玉米品種籽粒較硬,不容易破碎,一些軟質(zhì)玉米品種籽粒則較容易破碎,這些都會(huì)產(chǎn)生機(jī)收損失。
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