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國四排放農機產品100問-柴油機篇
2023-01-10
08:58:24
來源:農機企業(yè)家峰會 閱讀量:14793
評論
【農機網 熱點關注】為積極回應社會和廣大用戶的關切,更好地推進農機國四排放法規(guī)的實施,中國農機企業(yè)家峰會組織編寫了《國四排放農機產品100問》手冊,意在普及國四排放農機產品的法規(guī)和知識,對排放升級中大家關心的問題答疑解惑,便于農機生產企業(yè)、農機經銷商、農機使用者以及基層農機管理人員進一步了解和認識國四農機產品,更好地開展相關工作。
31、國四農機產品特別是帶EGR的機型對柴油有沒有特殊要求?油耗比國三產品高還是低?
答:國四產品無論是SCR機型還是EGR機型對柴油都有要求,即要求含硫量低于10ppm,目前國家要求生產和銷售國六柴油,正規(guī)加油站供應的柴油一般都能滿足要求。
國四產品中加裝了后處理系統(tǒng)部件,部件內涂敷的催化劑對硫極為敏感。當柴油中的硫含量過高時,燃燒后尾氣中會形成高濃度的二氧化硫(SO2)和三氧化硫(SO3),與部件內的催化劑反應后會使催化劑失去活性,俗稱“中毒”。
SCR部件中毒后會使
發(fā)動機尾氣排放超標導致發(fā)動機限扭。DOC部件中毒會使DPF部件被動再生能力下降或喪失,導致DPF中碳煙快速過載,嚴重會使DPF部件燒毀。
此外,尾氣中高濃度的SO2和SO3氣體會腐蝕金屬部件,造成EGR系統(tǒng)失效;生成硫酸鹽灰分,硫酸鹽灰分會堆積在DPF中導致頻繁再生。
農機產品使用場景有變化,油耗水平會有不同,一般而言,SCR路線較國三低,EGR路線與國三持平。
32、國四農機產品是否要添加比國三車型標號高的機油?
答:需要。國四產品對比國三發(fā)動機,增加了尾氣處理系統(tǒng),這些技術對機油的抗氧化性能、抗高溫性、清潔性、分散性要求更高。所以,對于滿足國四的重負荷柴油發(fā)動機來說,推薦使用符合或者優(yōu)于產品操作手冊中要求規(guī)格的機油,可以為發(fā)動機提供更好的保護。因此國四需要添加CJ-4級或以上質量級別機油。
國四產品中的DPF部件,置于DOC部件后面,可以將碳煙排放物和灰分在進入大氣之前將其過濾捕集,降低尾氣排放的顆粒物。當DPF部件捕捉碳煙排放物后,會對其進行氧化消解(轉換為氣體CO2),我們稱為DPF再生。但是DPF捕集到的灰分無法進行氧化消解,灰分捕集過量時會導致發(fā)動機背壓增大,頻繁再生,就需要拆掉DPF進行機械清理。
灰分的主要來源為機油,當前除了CJ-4或以上質量級別機油規(guī)定了灰分含量,并將灰分含量規(guī)定在1%以下,其他低質量級別機油均沒有規(guī)定。使用低質量級別機油會使尾氣中的灰分含量增加,縮短DPF的機械清理周期。
33、在什么情況下,國四農機產品會被限扭? (農機作業(yè)中為什么突然沒勁了?)
答:導致國四產品限扭(即發(fā)動機扭矩輸出被限制了,可以理解為被限制了動力,限扭后駕駛員最直觀的感受就是農機突然沒勁了,再怎么給油都沒用)的故障分為兩類,排放相關故障和保護類相關故障。
排放相關的故障主要有:尿素液位低、尿素濃度故障、
傳感器或執(zhí)行器被移除等篡改類故障、尿素噴射中斷類故障、EGR閥相關故障、DPF系統(tǒng)堵塞、失效、移除故障、PCD系統(tǒng)失效故障。
保護類相關故障的限扭,主要是為了避免更嚴重惡性故障的產生或故障易導致系統(tǒng)無法正常運行。主要有:水溫高故障、機油壓力故障、燃油系統(tǒng)故障、排溫高故障、曲軸傳感器信號故障等。
根據國四法規(guī)的要求,發(fā)生排放相關故障時,必須按規(guī)定激活駕駛員報警系統(tǒng)和限制系統(tǒng)。
農機出現污染物排放監(jiān)控項不合規(guī),首先會在機械儀表盤顯示報警信息,有些機械還會通過文字形式告訴用戶報警的原因,并且會告訴用戶多少小時后,會觸發(fā)限制系統(tǒng),限制到什么程度。
相關報警沒有得到及時處理的情況下,發(fā)動機將被限扭后,有些故障就需要專業(yè)人員對設備進行全面的檢測和故障排除,之后設備才能正常使用。
故障修復后,系統(tǒng)檢測無誤后即可解除限扭。
34、國四農機激活初級限扭后,扭矩會如何進行限制?
答:在柴油機最大扭矩轉速到額定轉速之間,初級限制系統(tǒng)應在柴油機轉速范圍內至少逐漸降低各轉速下最大可用柴油機扭矩的25%。在初級駕駛性能限制系統(tǒng)激活后,柴油機最大扭矩轉速以下轉速段的扭矩不能超過扭矩限制后的最大扭矩。扭矩限制速率應至少為每分鐘1%。也可采用停機后(下個駕駛行為時)限扭的方式。
35、國四農機激活嚴重限扭后,扭矩會如何進行限制?
答:在柴油機最大扭矩轉速到額定轉速之間的柴油機扭矩應按照最低每分鐘1%的速率從初級限制扭矩逐漸降低至最大扭矩的50%或更低級,在扭矩降低的同時柴油機(恒定轉速柴油機除外)轉速應逐漸降低至額定轉速的60%或更低。
36、國四農機產品發(fā)動機限扭后可以通過遠程控制平臺解除嗎?
答:如果出現發(fā)動機限扭的情況,代表車輛尾氣處理系統(tǒng)已經出現比較嚴重的故障,需要專業(yè)人員來進行診斷和排除,目前只能由專業(yè)人員到現場維修或維護,無法進行遠程排除。
37、關于國四階段新生產柴油機及機械自查,自查結果是否需要進行信息公開?
答:HJ 1014-2020標準中有明確要求,新生產柴油機和機械自查結果需進行信息公開。
38、國四法規(guī)執(zhí)行后,替換用發(fā)動機是否也按照2022年12月1日的時間點執(zhí)行更換?
答:如果是國四機械,則必須更換國四階段柴油機;如果是國三及以前的,可以替換已經豁免備案的該機型的替換用柴油機,如果市場上無原裝發(fā)動機可替換,需要更換與原柴油機排放水平相同或排放水平更好的柴油機。
39、在用發(fā)動機通過加裝一些后處理裝置能否達到國四排放的標準?
答:為進一步改善空氣質量,鼓勵在排放治理改造中,針對要改造的農業(yè)機械,先進行科學的、系統(tǒng)的匹配和小規(guī)模示范應用,確認技術的可行性和治理效果,再進行推廣應用,并確保對改造產品的持續(xù)維護和質量監(jiān)管。
國四排放要求不是簡單加裝后處理系統(tǒng)就可以滿足的,還需要進行排放控制策略的標定,同時不同的機型,后處理系統(tǒng)都需要單獨匹配的。
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