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2021年綠色種養(yǎng)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)試點(diǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2021-07-05 09:02:10 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 閱讀量:19873 評論

導(dǎo)讀:為做好2021年綠色種養(yǎng)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)試點(diǎn),打通種養(yǎng)循環(huán)堵點(diǎn),推動“糞污”變“糞肥”,促進(jìn)有機(jī)肥科學(xué)合理施用,制定技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見如下。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 

綠色種養(yǎng)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)試點(diǎn)專家指導(dǎo)組
 
全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心
 
  為做好2021年綠色種養(yǎng)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)試點(diǎn),打通種養(yǎng)循環(huán)堵點(diǎn),推動“糞污”變“糞肥”,促進(jìn)有機(jī)肥科學(xué)合理施用,制定技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見如下。
 
  一、基本原則
 
  (一)生產(chǎn)與生態(tài)兼顧。增加有機(jī)肥投入,改善施肥結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)??紤]環(huán)境承載量,就地就近施用糞肥,實(shí)現(xiàn)循環(huán)利用,減輕面源污染。
 
  (二)減量與增效協(xié)同。用有機(jī)養(yǎng)分替代部分化學(xué)養(yǎng)分,減少化肥用量。強(qiáng)化有機(jī)無機(jī)結(jié)合,提升肥料利用效率和耕地地力水平。
 
  (三)安全與有效并重。滿足畜禽糞便無害化處理要求,確保發(fā)酵腐熟,保證安全施用。強(qiáng)化糞肥施用指導(dǎo),合理確定用量,優(yōu)化施肥方式,提高應(yīng)用效果。
 
  二、技術(shù)指標(biāo)
 
  (一)堆肥質(zhì)量指標(biāo)。堆肥中期高溫維持50—60℃,條垛式不少于15天,槽式不少于7天。腐熟后堆體呈黑褐色,一般呈弱堿性,不再產(chǎn)生臭味,不吸引蚊蠅。
 
  (二)安全監(jiān)測指標(biāo)。堆肥過程中應(yīng)進(jìn)行不少于1次抽檢,檢查堆肥腐熟度;施用前應(yīng)參照相關(guān)肥料抽查技術(shù)規(guī)程進(jìn)行1次抽檢,檢測堆肥是否腐熟完全,相關(guān)有毒有害限量指標(biāo)是否符合《有機(jī)肥料》(NY/T525-2021)要求。
 
  (三)施用技術(shù)指標(biāo)。結(jié)合本地實(shí)際和有機(jī)肥替代化肥相關(guān)試驗(yàn)成果,科學(xué)確定不同作物有機(jī)肥使用量、時間和方法。一般堆肥畝施用量1000—2000公斤、沼渣2000—3000公斤、商品有機(jī)肥300—800公斤。
 
  三、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)
 
  (一)堆肥還田。以畜禽糞便為原料,根據(jù)堆肥場地條件、生產(chǎn)規(guī)模需求等采用條垛、槽式等方式堆肥??刂坪?5%—65%、碳氮比20:1—40:1、pH為5.5—9.0,按堆肥物料質(zhì)量的0.1%-0.2%接種有機(jī)物料腐熟劑。按照《畜禽糞便堆肥技術(shù)規(guī)范》(NY/T3442-2019)要求,堆肥中期高溫并持續(xù),溫度較低區(qū)域適當(dāng)延長維持時間,實(shí)現(xiàn)充分腐熟。堆肥施用量一般1000—2000公斤/畝,采用撒施、條施、溝施、穴施等方式。宜在秋季或播種(移栽)前作基肥施用,避開雨季,施入后24小時內(nèi)翻耕入土。
 
  (二)沼渣還田。根據(jù)沼氣發(fā)酵技術(shù)要求,利用畜禽糞便進(jìn)行發(fā)酵和無害化處理,后經(jīng)干濕分離,將沼渣用于農(nóng)田。腐熟的沼渣一般作基肥,用量2000—3000公斤/畝,采用撒施、條施、穴施等方式,及時翻耕覆土。水田均勻撒施后翻耕入土10厘米左右,旱地采用穴施、溝施,然后覆土。不宜與草木灰等堿性肥料混施。
 
  (三)沼液還田。分離沼渣后的沼液一般作追肥,采用條施、穴施、環(huán)狀施肥和噴灌、滴灌、葉面噴施等方式,及時覆土。沼液施用應(yīng)根據(jù)養(yǎng)分含量和作物特點(diǎn)適當(dāng)稀釋,微灌施用時注意過濾,避免堵塞管道和滴頭。沼液可浸種,使用前稀釋,浸泡后的種子瀝干后用清水洗凈。
 
  (四)商品有機(jī)肥施用。以畜禽糞便為原料生產(chǎn)商品有機(jī)肥,質(zhì)量應(yīng)符合《有機(jī)肥料》(NY/T525-2021)要求??勺骰剩捎醚ㄊ?、溝施、環(huán)狀施肥等方式集中施用,用量一般300—800公斤/畝,注意與化肥配合施用。施用時與植株根系保持一定距離,在兩行作物中間溝施或株間穴施。作種肥時采用條施、點(diǎn)施和穴施等方式,可與化肥混合,隨機(jī)械播種施入土壤,避免與堿性肥料或殺菌劑同時施用。
 
  四、注意事項(xiàng)
 
  (一)把好堆肥質(zhì)量關(guān)。規(guī)范養(yǎng)殖環(huán)節(jié),嚴(yán)格飼料添加劑標(biāo)準(zhǔn),降低重金屬、氮、抗生素等投入,讓畜禽吃的安全,從源頭控制糞肥利用風(fēng)險。要規(guī)范處理環(huán)節(jié),加強(qiáng)堆肥積造過程質(zhì)量控制,注意清除塑料、玻璃、金屬、石塊等雜物,定期監(jiān)測堆肥、沼液發(fā)酵程度。施用前定期抽樣檢測,確保安全。
 
  (二)強(qiáng)化合理施用。以《畜禽糞便還田技術(shù)規(guī)范》(GB/T25246-2010)、《肥料合理使用準(zhǔn)則 有機(jī)肥料》(NY/T1868-2021)為指引,科學(xué)合理確定糞肥施用的數(shù)量、時間和方法,避免過量和過于集中施用。在施用腐熟度較低的糞肥時,避開作物根系,配合施用化肥和石灰,避免燒苗燒根、病蟲草害等現(xiàn)象。
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