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變暖:農業(yè)生產受重創(chuàng),農機行業(yè)該如何應對?

2019-09-23 17:05:01 來源:農機網原創(chuàng) 作者:四夕 閱讀量:53229 評論

導讀:據《歐洲時報》報道,當地時間9月17日,法國科學家發(fā)出警告稱,溫室效應問題比人們先前想象的還要嚴重,壞的估計是:到2100年,平均氣溫將增高7攝氏度。

  【農機網 編輯視角】據《歐洲時報》報道,當地時間9月17日,法國科學家發(fā)出警告稱,溫室效應問題比人們先前想象的還要嚴重,壞的估計是:到2100年,平均氣溫將增高7攝氏度。
 
  這種氣候模式帶來了持續(xù)時間長且涉及地域廣的干旱現象,造成農業(yè)生產遇到嚴重問題、森林起火現象越來越多等等惡果。雖然科學家們樂觀設想可以將均溫升高幅度控制在2攝氏度以下,但這就需要的是人們盡快減少二氧化碳的排放量。那么,減少二氧化碳排放,農機行業(yè)能做什么?
 
  政策支持綠色農機發(fā)展
 
  · 《2018—2020年農機購置補貼實施指導意見》中明確指出要優(yōu)先保證深松整地、免耕播種、植保、節(jié)水灌溉、施肥、秸稈還田離田、殘膜回收、畜禽糞污資源化利用、病死畜禽無害化處理等支持農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展機具的補貼需要。
 
  · 2019—2020年的農機購置補貼要求也更加突出綠色向導,要求順應需求發(fā)展綠色農機,包括大力支持深松整地、秸稈還田離田、畜禽糞污資源化利用等綠色裝備的推廣應用,擬安排180億元農機購置補貼資金對綠色農機“應補盡補”。
 
  · 農業(yè)農村部辦公廳發(fā)布《中央農村工作領導小組辦公室 農業(yè)農村部關于做好2019年農業(yè)農村工作的實施意見》再提推進農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展,提出要推動大型規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖場糞污處理設施裝備配套率達到100%,推進農藥化肥減量增效、開展農膜回收示范行動、建設一批秸稈綜合利用整縣推進試點、強化耕地土壤污染管控與修復等舉措。
 
  · 農業(yè)農村部新制修訂的《農業(yè)機械推廣鑒定大綱編寫規(guī)則》等4項農業(yè)機械試驗鑒定通則和《農業(yè)輪式和履帶拖拉機》等153項農業(yè)機械推廣鑒定大綱中增加了有效供給,進一步促進現代農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展,新制定畜禽糞污資源化利用等機具的大綱71個,加速農業(yè)農村生產急需的節(jié)本、綠色環(huán)保、智能安全農業(yè)機械廣應用,促進綠色農機化技術創(chuàng)新和推廣應用,為實施農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展提供了物質技術裝備支撐。
 
  農業(yè)機械國四排放升級
 
  為貫徹落實《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法》《中華人民共和國大氣污染防治法》等法律法規(guī),防治非道路移動機械污染大氣環(huán)境,國家生態(tài)環(huán)境部于2018年8月19日發(fā)布了《非道路移動機械污染防治技術政策》,提出了非道路移動機械污染防治的總目標,“新生產裝用壓燃式發(fā)動機的非道路移動機械,2020年達到國家第四階段排放控制水平,2025年與*排放控制水平接軌”。其中所說的非道路機械包括:工程機械、農業(yè)機械、林業(yè)機械、漁業(yè)機械、發(fā)電機組和機場地勤設備等。
 
  2019年2月26日,生態(tài)環(huán)境部發(fā)布“關于征求《〈非道路移動機械用柴油機排氣污染物排放限值及測量方法(*三、四階段)(GB 20891-2014)修改單(征求意見稿)》意見的函”,其中在附件修改單中明確表示:“自2020年12月1日起,凡不滿足本標準第四階段要求的非道路移動機械不得生產、進口、銷售;不滿足本標準第四階段要求的非道路移動機械用柴油機不得生產、進口、銷售和投入使用”。
 
  也就是說,從2020年12月1日開始,排放達不到國四標準的農機產品將不能生產和銷售。
 
  富碳農業(yè)減排溫室氣體
 
  二氧化碳也能當作肥料?沒錯。富碳農業(yè),是指在人工密閉環(huán)境中,利用光、氣、溫、水、肥、種等佳條件組合,創(chuàng)造率的光合作用環(huán)境,將二氧化碳作為氣肥大量使用,將工業(yè)產生的二氧化碳用于農業(yè)生產。
 
  內蒙古自治區(qū)農牧業(yè)廳副廳長趙永華認為,目前二氧化碳在工業(yè)上也有許多方面的利用,都是把二氧化碳作為介質,并不能將其真正消耗掉,終還是被排放到大氣中。而富碳農業(yè)利用植物光合作用,消耗掉二氧化碳,從而達到減排溫室氣體的效果。
 
  他提出,全國有5600萬畝設施農業(yè),按每畝用2至3噸二氧化碳計算,每年可消耗1.1億至1.6億噸二氧化碳,推廣富碳農業(yè)對減排溫室氣體效果是相當可觀的。
 
  減排禁燒,推動秸稈綜合利用
 
  我國是農業(yè)生產大國,也是農作物秸稈生產大國,全國每年生產的各類農作物秸稈總量超過了7億噸,居世界位。但因受技術、財力及農業(yè)生產者的消費觀念、生活方式及作業(yè)習慣限制,超過半數以上的秸稈都被人為就地點燃焚燒或直接丟棄在田間地頭,不僅造成了大量寶貴資源的驚人浪費,而且秸稈經不完全燃燒還會產生大量的有害物質,嚴重污染環(huán)境,危害人們身體健康,甚至危及交通及人民生命財產安全。
 
  ·早在1999年,國家環(huán)境保護總局會同農業(yè)部、財政部、鐵道部交通部和中國民用航空總局聯合下發(fā)了《秸稈禁燒和綜合利用管理辦法》,次將秸稈禁燒工作提到議事日程。
 
  ·2008年,國務院辦公廳印發(fā)了《于加快推進農作物秸稈綜合利用的意見》,提出了秸稈綜合利用的目標任務、重點和政策措施。
 
  ·2011年,國家發(fā)展改革委、農業(yè)部、財政部再次聯合發(fā)文,印發(fā)了《“十二五”農作物秸稈綜合利用實施方案》。
 
  ·2015年11月25日,從國家發(fā)展改革委獲悉,發(fā)展改革委、財政部、農業(yè)部、環(huán)境保護部日前聯合發(fā)出通知,要求各地進一步加強秸稈綜合利用與禁燒工作,力爭到2020年全國秸稈綜合利用率達到85%以上。
 
  ·2016年以來,原農業(yè)部會同財政部在12省(區(qū))開展了秸稈綜合利用試點。
 
  結語:2015年12月《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》195個締約方國家通過了《巴黎協定》。在《巴黎協定》框架下,中國提出到2030年左右,中國的二氧化碳排放將達到峰值,并爭取盡早達峰;2030年中國單位GDP二氧化碳排放要比2005年下降60%~65%;2030年非化石能源在總能源當中的比例提升到20%左右。
 
  2018年,我國碳排放強度比2005年下降45.8%,基本扭轉了溫室氣體排放快速增長的局面。中國作為一個負責任的大國,兌現碳減排承諾是義不容辭的責任。隨著全社會應對氣候變化意識的穩(wěn)步提高,我國農機行業(yè)也應該繼續(xù)堅定不移實施應對氣候變化國家戰(zhàn)略,積極發(fā)展綠色農機,減少二氧化碳的排放,共同應對變暖對農業(yè)發(fā)展帶來的危害。
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