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世界清潔地球日漫談之綠色農業(yè)農機產業(yè)鏈

2018-09-14 15:53:18 來源:中國農機網原創(chuàng) 作者:四夕 閱讀量:49111 評論

導讀:馬上就是世界清潔地球日了,同時中國農民豐收節(jié)在即,越來越多的人注意到要把對農村生活、鄉(xiāng)村文明、傳統(tǒng)文明向往的價值發(fā)掘和弘揚出來,“三農”問題愈發(fā)受到重視。而目前隨著生活品質的提高以及對健康安全的重視,綠色農業(yè)受到追捧。

  【中國農機網 編輯視角】馬上就是世界清潔地球日了,同時中國農民豐收節(jié)在即,越來越多的人注意到要把對農村生活、鄉(xiāng)村文明、傳統(tǒng)文明向往的價值發(fā)掘和弘揚出來,“三農”問題愈發(fā)受到重視。而目前隨著生活品質的提高以及對健康安全的重視,綠色農業(yè)受到追捧。
 
  以前我們一般將“三無”,即無公害農產品、綠色食品和有機食品合稱為綠色農業(yè)。但當下綠色農業(yè)的概念已經得到很大的延展,綠色農業(yè)更主要是指一切有利于環(huán)境保護、農產品數量與質量安全以及可持續(xù)發(fā)展的農業(yè)發(fā)展形態(tài)與模式。具體而言,綠色農業(yè)主要由“三品”以及配套的綠色農業(yè)技術、綠色農產品生產、綠色農產品市場以及綠色營銷等構成。
 
  綠色農業(yè)發(fā)展條件
 
  對于綠色農業(yè)扶持的相關政策紅利,2003年“亞太地區(qū)綠色食品與有機農業(yè)市場通道建設研討會”提出了“綠色農業(yè)”理念。而后,從2015年開始,針對綠色農業(yè)發(fā)展,國家頻頻出臺一系列支持政策,2017年又出臺了幾個頗有力度的落地政策,綠色農業(yè)由政策宣傳進入了具體的落地實施階段,從概念炒作變成了真正的商機。
 
  與此同時,綠色農業(yè)是多元結合的綜合性產業(yè),隨著產業(yè)鏈不斷拓展延伸,涉及了農業(yè)良種培育、無害種植、收割、檢測、儲存、運輸、加工、包裝等一系列流程,綠色農副產品深加工、精加工、環(huán)保生態(tài)產業(yè)等二、三產業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。
 
  而生產、加工、流通和消費形式的新變化,電商、物聯(lián)網、植物工廠、智慧農業(yè)等新模式發(fā)展,新業(yè)態(tài)不斷涌現(xiàn),都為綠色農業(yè)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。
 
  可以說,綠色農業(yè)既是一項農業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,也是一項生態(tài)環(huán)境保護戰(zhàn)略和一項鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略。以此為基礎發(fā)展的農業(yè)更加注重可持續(xù)發(fā)展,更加符合當前整個社會對于環(huán)境保護的價值觀表現(xiàn),更是為現(xiàn)代農業(yè)發(fā)展多樣化形式提供了藍本。
 
  綠色農業(yè)什么樣?
 
  綠色農業(yè)是農業(yè)發(fā)展至今的一個發(fā)展水平較高的一個發(fā)展方向,也是經濟社會發(fā)展人們對自我生活品質要求提高的明顯特征之一。其主要是指以“綠色環(huán)境”、“綠色技術”、“綠色產品”為主體,促使過分依賴化肥、農藥的化學農業(yè)向主要依靠生物內在機制的生態(tài)農業(yè)轉變。
 
  中國人口眾多,農業(yè)發(fā)展歷史悠久,確保糧食等農產品安全供給,是農業(yè)發(fā)展的首要目標。我國綠色農業(yè)快速發(fā)展,目前已由種植業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)、漁業(yè)向加工業(yè)、物流業(yè)延伸發(fā)展,綠色農業(yè)的范圍不斷擴展。
 
  綠色農業(yè)不僅僅體現(xiàn)在農產品上,還體現(xiàn)在農業(yè)技術和農業(yè)機器的使用上。農機做為綠色農業(yè)的動力源,綠色農機本身也應該是綠色的,是環(huán)境友好型的,是能可持續(xù)發(fā)展的,綠色農業(yè)里也蘊藏著綠色農機的大機會。
 
  綠色農機新發(fā)展
 
  《2017年農機化促進農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展工作方案》明顯表示要促進綠色農機化技術創(chuàng)新和推廣應用,為實施農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展五大行動提供物質技術裝備支撐。
 
  《2018—2020年農機購置補貼實施指導意見》中,明確指出要優(yōu)先保證糧食等主要農產品生產所需機具和支持農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展機具的補貼需要。其中主要包括深松整地、免耕播種、植保、節(jié)水灌溉、施肥 、秸稈還田離田、殘膜回收、畜禽糞污資源化利用、病死畜禽無害化處理等相關農業(yè)機械。
 
  相關綠色農業(yè)技術
 
  秸稈還田技術:秸稈還田技術是當今世界上受到重視的一項培肥增產的措施,改善了傳統(tǒng)的焚燒方式,避免了焚燒所帶來的大氣污染。秸稈還田技術可分為秸稈粉碎翻壓還田、秸稈覆蓋還田、堆漚還田、焚燒還田、過腹還田等五大類。
 
  有機肥替代化肥技術:有機肥替代化肥主要的技術模式有有機廢棄物堆肥還田模式、果園生草模式、設施菜地秸稈生物反應堆模式和商品有機肥模式,加快推進了畜禽養(yǎng)殖廢棄物及農作物秸稈資源化利用,實現(xiàn)節(jié)本增效、提質增效。
 
  農田殘膜回收技術:按照殘膜回收工藝,不同類型的殘膜回收機具,不同作物對應使用的殘膜回收機具要合適。
 
  水稻機插秧同步側深施肥技術:水稻機插秧同步測深施肥技術是一種、可靠的水稻基肥施播技術。一般通過在6行高速乘坐式插秧機上加裝測深施肥裝置,在水稻機械插秧的同時,在苗側靠近根部進行定量施肥(肥料施于苗側5cm、深度4cm的溝中),并由浮船刮板覆蓋肥料于泥漿中。該技術促進秧苗根系對肥力的吸收,避免肥料隨水流漂移,具有顯著的提高肥料利用率、促進水稻生長、降低成本等優(yōu)勢,是農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展方向。
 
  蔬菜全程綠色生產技術:蔬菜全程綠色生產技術以“三減三增”全程綠色生產為核心,以實現(xiàn)蔬菜質量安全和生態(tài)和諧發(fā)展為目的,以連接農業(yè)生產全過程為突破點,以土壤生態(tài)保護、農業(yè)投入品減量增效、資源綜合利用為技術主線,通過三大項十小項集成技術示范,探索建立以全程綠色生產技術為支撐的、多領域融合發(fā)展模式。
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