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瑞雪兆豐年 大雪時節(jié)話農(nóng)事

2018-12-07 13:44:51 來源:中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:26381 評論

  【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】“瑞雪兆豐年”,今日,杭州上海等地都迎來了2018年的初雪,而今天也恰好是農(nóng)歷二十四節(jié)氣中的第二十一節(jié)氣——大雪,標志著仲冬時節(jié)的正式開始?!对铝钇呤蚣狻氛f:“大雪,十一月節(jié)。大者,盛也。至此而雪盛矣。”這里大雪的意思是天氣更冷,降雪的可能性比小雪時更大了,并不指降雪量一定很大。
 
  “萬山凋敝黯無華,四面嘶鳴晃樹杈。白雪欲求吟詠句,穿枝掠院演梅花(左河水)”。在這個時候,除華南和云南南部無冬區(qū)外,我國大部分地區(qū)的低溫度都降到了0℃或以下,甚至東北、西北地區(qū)平均氣溫已達-10℃以下。
 
  我們在小時候就有學過“今冬麥蓋三層被,來年枕著饅頭睡”,這是因為當嚴冬積雪覆蓋大地的時候,能夠保持地面及作物周圍的溫度不會因寒流侵襲而降得很低,為冬作物創(chuàng)造了良好的越冬環(huán)境。積雪融化時又增加了土壤水分含量,雪水中氮化物的含量是普通雨水的5倍,有一定的肥田作用,滿足了作物春季生長的營養(yǎng)及水分需要??梢哉f,冬季的大雪對我國的農(nóng)事活動具有重要意義。
 
  由于南北方地區(qū)氣候差異巨大的特點,我國南北方主要農(nóng)事活動也存在著差異性。對于北方而言,重要的是加強冬小麥的中耕管理,劃鋤保墑、增溫除草,以及趁地封凍未牢,抓緊冬耕。大雪時節(jié)北方忌無雪,若降雪不及時的話,還需要農(nóng)民抓住時機適時冬灌,以提高小麥越冬能力;而大雪時節(jié)如果伴有降溫、暴雪、凍雨、霧凇、流凌等天氣災害,也需要及時松土增肥、蓄水提溫、加強中后期管理,力爭把凍害損失減小到低限度。此外,“大雪紛紛是旱年,造塘修倉莫等閑”,興修水利、修渠挖溝、修理欄舍、修剪果木、清塘深挖、積肥造肥、糧食入倉等農(nóng)事活動也*。
 
  而在江淮以南的地區(qū),小麥、油菜等作物還在緩慢生長期,要注意施好肥,為安全越冬和來春生長打好基礎(chǔ)。華南、西南小麥進入分蘗期,應(yīng)結(jié)合中耕施好分蘗肥,注意冬作物的清溝排水。這時天氣雖冷,但貯藏的蔬菜和薯類要勤于檢查,適時通風,不可將窖封閉太死,以免升溫過高,濕度過大導致爛窖,在不受凍害的前提下應(yīng)盡可能地保持較低的溫度。
 
  主要農(nóng)事活動:
 
  一、疏苗、補苗。對直播油菜,特別是點播的油菜,由于天氣干旱,播種量偏大,而且出苗不勻,缺苗斷壟比較普遍,對疙瘩苗要抓緊疏苗,以免苗擠苗,形成弱苗。應(yīng)去小留大,把間掉的苗子栽在缺苗處,補栽時要帶水,促進早成活。
 
  二、中耕、培土。中耕具有增溫、保墑、除草、防病治蟲、疏松土壤,促進根系生長等多種功效。所以,油菜田要勤中耕,多中耕。結(jié)合中耕還要進行培土,特別是對高腳苗更要培土,不僅可以減輕凍害,還可以防止倒伏。注意把高腳部分,特別是根頸全部埋入土中。
 
  三、追施臘肥。油菜追肥以土雜肥為主,結(jié)合冬前后一次中耕將肥料施于油菜根部,可先追肥,再壅根培土。也可以撒草木灰、澆糞水等。
 
  四、覆蓋防凍。覆蓋秸稈能夠防凍,抑制雜草生長,秸稈腐爛后可以改善土壤理化性狀,提高土壤肥力,同時也改善了環(huán)境。對直播油菜、晚播油菜還可以覆蓋秸稈,均勻覆蓋在油菜行間。
 
  五、摘除早苔。由于今年秋季溫度偏高,對早移栽的油菜和春性偏強的品種容易出現(xiàn)早苔現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)及早摘苔。摘苔要選晴天進行,摘去生長點,抑制主莖生長,促進分枝生長。
 
  六、化學調(diào)控。對播栽早、長勢旺、有徒長趨勢的油菜田在越冬前可噴施多效唑,一般每畝用15%的多效唑100克對水40公斤噴施,具有控旺和預防凍害的作用。
 
  七、清理“三溝”。對已開好“三溝”的,要進行清溝,未開溝的要抓緊開好“三溝”,并使溝溝相通,有利于來年的灌溉排澇。
 
  八、果樹修剪、封園。大部分果樹在冬季進入休眠期,仍要進行管理、修剪。幼齡樹還應(yīng)做好拉枝作業(yè),通過冬季修剪,把樹冠培養(yǎng)成合理的豐產(chǎn)樹形。合理的封園能有效地降低果園的病蟲越冬基數(shù)。落葉果樹可在冬季修剪后清除果園枯枝、病葉、僵果、殘葉等。
 
  九、畜牧農(nóng)事。對畜禽的欄舍進行一次全面檢修,以提高舍內(nèi)溫度;不宜喂給冰凍飼料和冷水;牛羊草食動物,要適當補充精飼料和人工牧草;密切注意疫情,做好畜舍的消毒隔離。
 
  本文由中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布,如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。
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