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2024年大豆后期田間管理技術意見

2024-09-02 09:55:58 來源:全國農技中心 閱讀量:19519 評論

導讀:全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心會同農業(yè)農村部大豆專家指導組,研究提出2024年大豆后期田間管理技術意見。

  【農機網 科技創(chuàng)新】 當前,大豆正處于結莢鼓粒期,為產量形成的關鍵期。離大面積收獲還要經受早霜凍害、干旱澇災、臺風倒伏、病蟲危害等考驗。為此,全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心會同農業(yè)農村部大豆專家指導組,研究提出2024年大豆后期田間管理技術意見。
 
  增粒重促早熟
 
  一般的地塊可施用磷酸二氫鉀水溶性肥混配釀造醋,有利于增粒重、促早熟。長勢偏弱地塊,在施用噴施磷酸二氫鉀基礎上,可混配蕓苔素內酯植物生長調節(jié)劑、氨基酸類水溶肥料或氨基寡糖、香菇多糖等營養(yǎng)物質,增強大豆抗逆能力。病蟲害發(fā)生嚴重地塊,根據監(jiān)測結果和防治指標,選擇合適對路藥劑。霜霉病等葉部病害可選吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲環(huán)唑等藥劑;大豆菌核病可選用菌核凈、異菌脲、咯菌腈、丙環(huán)唑等藥劑;對局部蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛蟲量較高達到防治指標的地塊,可分別用啶蟲脒(或噻蟲嗪)和阿維菌素(或噠螨靈)防治。黃淮海和長江流域需加強點蜂緣蝽、煙粉虱、二條葉甲等蟲害防治,蟲口達到閾值地塊可選用噻蟲嗪或吡蟲啉可濕性粉劑田間噴霧防控。
 
  防早霜防倒伏
 
  東北地區(qū)需密切關注天氣變化,做好促早熟,防范早霜危害。早霜來臨前,可葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀或抗寒制劑,土壤墑情偏差地塊要及時澆水補墑、以水調溫,減輕低溫影響。早霜發(fā)生時,有條件的地方,可在地塊上風口用秸稈、樹葉、雜草等作燃料造煙提高近地溫度防霜。早霜發(fā)生后,葉片受損較輕地塊可噴施蕓苔素內酯等生長調節(jié)劑,葉片受損嚴重地塊可割倒晾曬,促進物質向籽粒轉運,減少產量損失。田間有大草的可人工拔除,有利于通風透光,促進早熟。遇臺風造成倒伏時,要因地因情施策。倒伏嚴重的,不宜人工扶起,以免植株折斷,造成更大的產量損失;倒伏輕微的,可人工適當扶起,兩行對扶,并培土施肥。
 
  抗干旱防澇災
 
  做好防災減災預案,高度關注旱澇急轉情況的發(fā)生,積極應對澇災、旱災等各種危害,切實減少災害對大豆生產的影響。東北地區(qū)近期降雨頻繁、短時強降雨增多,對受澇地塊要及時采取挖排水溝、疏通溝渠和機械強排等措施,搶排積水降漬,并及時追肥,養(yǎng)根護葉。受淹地塊注意及時選擇對癥藥劑防治根腐病、菌核病等病害。長江流域近期持續(xù)高溫干旱,有灌溉條件的要及時澆水降溫,減少鼓粒不良等情況發(fā)生。
 
  適時收獲減損
 
  當植株葉片基本脫落、搖動時有響鈴聲、籽粒含水量降為18%以下時進行機械收獲。收獲時避開露水,防止籽粒粘附泥土,影響外觀品質;避開中午高溫時段,以免炸莢造成損失。建議選用大豆專用收割機或者配備大豆專用收獲割臺的收割機收獲,以不漏莢、不丟枝為原則,盡量放低割臺。作業(yè)前要調整作業(yè)部件和參數,檢查機具狀態(tài),減少故障率,提高收獲質量和效率。
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