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茶葉生產(chǎn)大國的全程機械化有多難?

2018-06-09 18:52:01 來源:中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:51780 評論

導(dǎo)讀:近日,聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織發(fā)報告稱,在新興國家強勁需求帶動下,茶葉生產(chǎn)和消費預(yù)計今后10年將進一步增長,將為農(nóng)村創(chuàng)造更多收入,并改善產(chǎn)茶國家的糧食安全狀況。

  【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】近日,聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織發(fā)報告稱,在新興國家強勁需求帶動下,茶葉生產(chǎn)和消費預(yù)計今后10年將進一步增長,將為農(nóng)村創(chuàng)造更多收入,并改善產(chǎn)茶國家的糧食安全狀況。
 
  報告表示,今后10年,世界紅茶產(chǎn)量預(yù)計將保持2.2%的年增長率,其中主要產(chǎn)量增長將出現(xiàn)在中國、肯尼亞和斯里蘭卡;綠茶產(chǎn)量預(yù)計將以7.5%的年增速增長,而且中國綠茶產(chǎn)量成倍增加將成為推動總體增長的主要因素。
 
  茶葉生產(chǎn)大國的機械化難題
 
  我國是大的茶葉生產(chǎn)國、消費國。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2017年全國茶園面積4400多萬畝,干毛茶產(chǎn)量258萬噸,同時中國茶葉在茶葉貿(mào)易中也占有重要地位。2001年到2017年,我國茶葉出口量從24.97萬噸增長到35.52萬噸,年均增長2.23%,同期出口額從3.42億美元增長到16.14億美元,年均增長10.18%。
 
  我國雖然是茶葉大國,但是目前大部分茶園卻依然是古老的人工采茶模式。由于我國茶園多分布于丘陵山區(qū),地域地形復(fù)雜,機械化難度大,綜合機械化作業(yè)水平不足10%,茶園管理與茶葉采摘勞動力成本超過60%,生產(chǎn)效益極低。茶產(chǎn)業(yè)綜合競爭力和可持續(xù)發(fā)展受到嚴(yán)重制約,實現(xiàn)茶園生產(chǎn)全程機械化迫在眉睫。
 
  解放勞動力,節(jié)約成本
 
  自古以來茶葉采摘都是靠人工摘取,這樣不僅會耗費大量勞動力,而且效率、耗時長。隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展、用工成本的增加,近年來茶葉種植戶很難招到大量采茶工,而且用人費用極高,單純勞動力成本已占總成本的65%以上,這是全國茶區(qū)普遍存在的問題。而若用采茶機器代替人工,一臺采茶機只需用工5人,每天能采摘鮮葉5000多公斤,一臺機器相當(dāng)于100多名采茶工采的量,一畝茶園可節(jié)工省本320元。
 
  除此之外,茶葉采摘后的加工工藝也是關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),茶葉采摘后必須馬上進行初加工,因此機器流水線作業(yè)是不可或缺的,機械化自動化加工不僅會大大提高制茶效率,推動茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,而且有效減少了茶葉與人體的接觸次數(shù),茶葉產(chǎn)品安全有了更好的保障。
 
  實現(xiàn)全程機械化還要邁過這些“坎”
 
  由于茶園種植地多為丘陵地區(qū),地形復(fù)雜,且種植多為散戶,因此實現(xiàn)茶葉生產(chǎn)機械化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化有一定難度。接下來要著力解決茶葉生產(chǎn)過程中勞動力短缺、作業(yè)強度大、生產(chǎn)成本高等問題,加強茶園田間作業(yè)機械、農(nóng)藝農(nóng)機融合、茶葉加工自動化生產(chǎn)線等研究,集成各項技術(shù),形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化茶葉生產(chǎn)技術(shù)模式,制定技術(shù)規(guī)程,在典型茶區(qū)進行規(guī)?;痉稇?yīng)用,以提高茶葉生產(chǎn)的整體質(zhì)量和效益。
 
  另外由于茶葉本身的文化特色和地域?qū)傩?,茶葉很難實現(xiàn)初加工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)。市場需求的多樣性導(dǎo)致了茶葉機械的多樣性,使得初加工生產(chǎn)線的機械很難實現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。目前國內(nèi)茶機產(chǎn)業(yè)仍然處于發(fā)展時期,80%以上的茶機廠以組裝生產(chǎn)為主,既無自主核心技術(shù),又缺少引導(dǎo),未能形成專業(yè)化協(xié)作強、配套能力高的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群,難以形成品牌效益和規(guī)模效益。
 
  未來,要解決全程化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化“難題”,就要在提升茶葉品質(zhì),降能耗、低成本的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合茶葉生產(chǎn)需求,推進與高等院校、科研單位、技術(shù)推廣部門的橫向合作和聯(lián)合攻關(guān),大力研發(fā)和推廣茶機新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)、新工藝和新設(shè)備,努力打造民族品牌競爭力,盡早實現(xiàn)茶葉的全程機械化。
 
  本文由中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)(dwjfsy.com)原創(chuàng),轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處。部分資料來源:經(jīng)濟日報、中國農(nóng)機化導(dǎo)報,如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。
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