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農(nóng)民的智慧 從原始農(nóng)業(yè)時(shí)期就已開(kāi)始

2017-08-04 11:25:33 來(lái)源:中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量:50562 評(píng)論

  【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)離不開(kāi)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展和科技的進(jìn)步,現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械越來(lái)越先進(jìn),同時(shí)也越來(lái)越智能,農(nóng)民甚至足不出戶就可以把地種了。其實(shí),在農(nóng)耕時(shí)期,我國(guó)勞動(dòng)人民就憑借自身的智慧創(chuàng)造出了形形色色的農(nóng)具,以便更輕松的耕種土地。
 
  追溯到原始農(nóng)業(yè)時(shí)期,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式簡(jiǎn)單粗放,農(nóng)民以石、骨、蚌、木為主要的材料來(lái)制作農(nóng)具,農(nóng)具的種類主要有三種:農(nóng)耕用、收割用和加工用。農(nóng)耕類的農(nóng)具包括鏟、耒、鋤這些,收割類的就是刀和鐮,而加工類的常見(jiàn)的就是石磨盤(pán)和石磨棒。 
 
  在原始社會(huì)時(shí)期,人們能利用的資源很有限,開(kāi)始產(chǎn)生的農(nóng)具便是以木頭為材料制成的耒耜,是一種翻土的農(nóng)具,形如木叉,上有曲柄,下面是犁頭,可看作犁的前身,其發(fā)明開(kāi)創(chuàng)了中國(guó)的農(nóng)耕文化,后來(lái)發(fā)展成為先秦時(shí)期主要的農(nóng)耕工具。
 
  至夏、商、西周時(shí)期,雖然農(nóng)具材料仍然以木、石、骨為主,但是當(dāng)時(shí)已有青銅產(chǎn)生,在西周末年,青銅便應(yīng)用于一些中耕農(nóng)具和收割農(nóng)具。在灌溉器具方面,有商代的桔槔,西周的戽桶和吊桶,這一時(shí)期的農(nóng)機(jī)具種類甚少,但是卻為后面鐵制農(nóng)具的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
 
  春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期,冶鐵業(yè)興起,它的出現(xiàn)使中國(guó)農(nóng)具*迎來(lái)一次大變革:鐵質(zhì)農(nóng)具產(chǎn)生,開(kāi)始替代過(guò)去的以木、石為材料的農(nóng)具,在木器上添加一個(gè)鐵質(zhì)的刃片,有效地提高了生產(chǎn)效率。從考古出土的實(shí)物看,當(dāng)時(shí)使用一種呈V字型的鐵犁頭,可以減少耕地時(shí)的阻力。
 
  秦朝統(tǒng)一中國(guó)之后,尤其是兩漢以來(lái),由于冶鐵業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展,鐵制農(nóng)具發(fā)展迅速,成為“民之大用”。為了適應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要,這一時(shí)期農(nóng)具的種類開(kāi)始增多,質(zhì)量上也大有提高,西漢中期以后,木心鐵刃的農(nóng)具全部被鐵制農(nóng)具代替,隨著牛耕的逐漸普及,耕犁也有所革新,創(chuàng)造了犁壁,對(duì)于深耕和碎土更為有利。唐代《耒耜經(jīng)》中記載的曲轅犁,相比之前的耕犁,構(gòu)造更加完善,由11個(gè)部件組成,能根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行深耕和淺耕,以及調(diào)節(jié)耕地的寬窄,操作方便。至魏晉南北朝時(shí)期,出現(xiàn)了用于碎土保墑、平整土地的耙和耖。這一時(shí)期播種耬車的出現(xiàn)讓農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)了大躍進(jìn),播種耬車下端有三個(gè)耬角,即開(kāi)溝器,中間裝有盛貯種子的漏斗,播種時(shí)用牛拉車,一邊開(kāi)溝,一邊播種,可以極大地提高耕作效率。此外,古代農(nóng)民已有農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工意識(shí),舂米工具由杵臼到腳踏碓再到水力碓,技術(shù)上有了很大的進(jìn)步。
 
 
  時(shí)間來(lái)到宋、元時(shí)期,這一時(shí)期的農(nóng)具發(fā)展在很大程度上都超過(guò)了前代。北魏《齊民要術(shù)》里記載了30多種農(nóng)具,元代的《王禎農(nóng)書(shū)》則記載了105種之多。犁具也在前代的基礎(chǔ)上有了更新,出現(xiàn)了犁床或犁壁上附有改進(jìn)犁,便于墾耕。這一時(shí)期不得不提的一種農(nóng)具就是播種和施肥相結(jié)合的下糞耬種,類似于現(xiàn)在的施肥播種機(jī),可實(shí)現(xiàn)一機(jī)多用,是古代智慧的結(jié)晶。
 
  農(nóng)具發(fā)展到離現(xiàn)代較近的明清時(shí)期,速度開(kāi)始放緩,只是在農(nóng)具的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn),其間出現(xiàn)了露鋤和以鹿角制成的農(nóng)具,反映了農(nóng)業(yè)開(kāi)始向精耕細(xì)作的方向發(fā)展,值得一提的是,鋼鐵冶鑄技術(shù)對(duì)農(nóng)具部件的改造有很大幫助。
 
  細(xì)數(shù)我國(guó)古代農(nóng)民發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的這些農(nóng)具,其中閃耀著古代農(nóng)民智慧的結(jié)晶,時(shí)代發(fā)展至今,技術(shù)每天都在進(jìn)步,傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)方式也會(huì)逐漸被淘汰掉,但人們的智慧源泉是不會(huì)枯竭的,每一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)具都是一個(gè)農(nóng)耕時(shí)期的代表,反映了我國(guó)古代農(nóng)業(yè)文明的發(fā)展歷程。
 
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