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七夕話題:如果牛郎生活在現(xiàn)代會怎樣?

2018-08-17 16:36:12 來源:中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:49425 評論

  【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 今天是七夕傳統(tǒng)佳節(jié),相傳是牛郎織女在天上相會的日子。牛郎織女是中國古代的民間愛情故事,表達了中國古代對自然的崇拜和對真摯愛情的向往,同時中國作為傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)耕文明大國,傳說中也體現(xiàn)了人們對勤勞耕作的贊美。故事中牛郎靠一頭老牛自耕自食,與織女相識后便過上了男耕女織的日子,“用牛耕地”是故事的要素之一,體現(xiàn)了古代人民的勤勞和智慧。不過,如果放到現(xiàn)代,牛郎還會再用牛耕地嗎?
 
  牛耕技術(shù)——傳承了千年的農(nóng)業(yè)文明
 
  中國是一個歷史悠久的文明古國,也是一個傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)文明大國,有幾千年的農(nóng)業(yè)文明歷史。在中華農(nóng)業(yè)文明里,牛耕技術(shù)是*的元素之一。在牛耕推行前,土地主要是靠“耦耕”來翻地,這是一種人力的耕地方式。
 
  春秋戰(zhàn)國時,我國進入鐵器時代,出現(xiàn)了鐵器農(nóng)具,牛耕技術(shù)得以推廣。牛耕技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)是農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的一大飛躍,它在很大程度上解放了人力,大大提高了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)勞作的效率;牛耕使耕作更為精細,大大提高了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量,同時促進了大面積荒地的開墾。鐵犁牛耕的普及說明生產(chǎn)力有所發(fā)展,生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展促進了社會發(fā)展和進步,促進小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。牛耕的出現(xiàn)標志著人類生產(chǎn)力的進步,標志著農(nóng)耕社會達到新的高度。鐵犁牛耕式的農(nóng)耕文明就這樣延續(xù)了幾千年。
 
  一直到新中國成立后,我國部分地區(qū)還在沿用“以牛耕地”的方法,后來隨著農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展和農(nóng)業(yè)裝備的一步步完善,牛耕技術(shù)已逐漸退出了歷史舞臺,鐵犁、耕牛也被華式犁、圓盤犁旋耕機、松土犁以及拖拉機等各種現(xiàn)代化耕整地機械所代替。

 

  深松整地——促進農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展
 
  由于幾十年來化肥農(nóng)藥的大量使用,近年來我國耕地土壤肥力有所下降,普通的耕地整地已不能滿足農(nóng)業(yè)需要。為了改善耕地質(zhì)量,提高農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力,促進農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,近年國家大力推進機械化深松整地工作。
 
  機深松整地是指以打破犁底層為目的,通過拖拉機牽引松土機械,在不打亂原有土層結(jié)構(gòu)的情況下松動土壤的一種機械化整地技術(shù)。實施農(nóng)機深松整地作業(yè),可以打破堅硬的犁底層,加深耕層,還可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤通透性,從而增強土壤蓄水保墑和抗旱防澇能力,有利于作物生長發(fā)育和提高產(chǎn)量。
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)部辦公廳2016年印發(fā)的《全國農(nóng)機深松整地作業(yè)實施規(guī)劃(2016-2020年)》指出,農(nóng)機深松整地是改善耕地質(zhì)量,提高農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力,促進農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要舉措,要求各地要緊緊圍繞保障國家糧食安全和改善農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境、增加農(nóng)民收入、促進農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標,積極開展農(nóng)機深松整地。要爭取各級財政支持,落實農(nóng)機深松整地作業(yè)補助,充分調(diào)動廣大農(nóng)民、農(nóng)機手和農(nóng)機服務(wù)組織的積極性,認真完成《規(guī)劃》確定的目標和任務(wù)。
 
  深松補貼——先作業(yè)后補助
 
  近年來國家高度重視深松整地工作,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部連續(xù)多年利用中央財政資金對作業(yè)補助試點給予支持。從2017年起,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部和財政部明確從“農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展”專項中安排深松作業(yè)補助資金,以“大專項+任務(wù)清單”形式下達各省,建立了補助資金穩(wěn)定支出新渠道;并在資金分配時對深松需求較大的黑龍江省予以了重點傾斜,并明確2018年深松補助標準原則上不超過25元/畝,具體由各地綜合考慮工作基礎(chǔ)、技術(shù)模式、成本費用等因素合理確定,按照“先作業(yè)后補助、先公示后兌現(xiàn)”的原則實施。
 
  為了全面完成今年1.5億畝深松深耕整地目標任務(wù),農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部日前印發(fā)《關(guān)于做好2018年農(nóng)機深松整地工作的通知》,細化分解2018年全國農(nóng)機深松整地作業(yè)任務(wù),并將以任務(wù)清單和績效目標形式下達各地。
 
  《通知》要求,各地精心組織實施深松整地作業(yè)補助,在適宜地區(qū)加快農(nóng)機深松技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用,確保完成任務(wù)清單確定的作業(yè)面積。抓緊明確作業(yè)補助試點區(qū)域和計劃補助面積,采取政府購買服務(wù)、先作業(yè)后補助等方式實施,合理確定補貼標準。當前,部分省市也已確定了今年的深松整地計劃及補貼標準(詳情點擊:先作業(yè)后補貼:各地積極部署深松整地作業(yè)任務(wù))
 
  結(jié)語
 
  七夕節(jié)在2006年被國務(wù)院列入批非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。一方面?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)文化要繼承,傳統(tǒng)的牛耕技術(shù)、農(nóng)耕文明要紀念,另一方面現(xiàn)代化的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)、農(nóng)機裝備更要發(fā)展。在我國農(nóng)業(yè)機械化已得到高度發(fā)展的當下,如果牛郎來到現(xiàn)代生活,不僅要舍棄用老牛耕地,采用現(xiàn)代化的耕整地裝備說不定還能領(lǐng)到補貼呢!
 
 
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