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2025年華南地區(qū)春花生生產技術指導意見

2025-02-28 09:25:12 來源:全國農技推廣中心 閱讀量:18288 評論

  我國華南地區(qū)春花生即將進入播種階段,為進一步提升華南地區(qū)花生種植水平,加快花生綠色高產高效生產技術應用,全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心會同農業(yè)農村部花生專家指導組,結合華南地區(qū)氣候條件和生產實際,特提出2025年華南地區(qū)春花生生產技術指導意見。
 
  優(yōu)化布局,精細整地
 
  充分利用花生固氮矮桿耐貧瘠的優(yōu)勢和糧食作物的茬口,優(yōu)化布局和種植結構,提高糧油糖等種植綜合效益。繼續(xù)積極推進花生與玉米、甘蔗、木薯、幼齡果樹等高桿作物或果樹進行間套作,擴大花生種植面積,促進糧油糖等均衡增產,提高土地利用率和種植效益;大力推廣花生與玉米、水稻、甘薯、大豆等糧食作物進行換茬輪作,減輕連作障礙,提高花生單產。選擇無青枯病或青枯病發(fā)病輕的地塊,最好是地勢比較平坦、陽光充足、土層深厚、富含有機質和石灰質的沙壤土種植,整地要求做到“深、松、碎、平”。有條件地區(qū)可加施ARC菌劑,為播種打下良好基礎。
 
  良種篩選,種子處理
 
  根據(jù)生產目的和市場需求,依據(jù)當?shù)氐耐寥?、氣候等生態(tài)條件,分區(qū)域選用適合華南地區(qū)種植的優(yōu)良品種,滿足油用、食用等不同用途的差異化需求。以油用為生產目的,可選用高油花生仲愷花1號、航花2號、桂花36、桂花1026、湛油75或高油酸高油花生桂花376、桂花65、粵油271等新品種;以鮮食為生產目的,可選用仲愷花10號、桂花紅198、桂花黑3號、珍珠紅1號、泉紅花1號等特色品種。青枯病、果腐病嚴重的地塊,可選用仲愷花1號、粵油43、桂花39、桂花41、泉花27等抗病品種。高油酸花生大田用種純度一般不應低于98%。
 
  一般播種前3—7天剝殼為宜,剔除秕粒、小粒、破碎粒、感染病蟲害和霉變的種子,優(yōu)選種仁大而整齊、籽粒飽滿、色澤好,沒有機械損傷的一級、二級大粒作種。播種前用25%噻蟲·咯·霜靈懸浮種衣劑或600克/升吡蟲啉懸浮種衣劑進行種子包衣,減輕花生土傳病害和蟲害發(fā)生。每畝可施用25克花生根瘤菌劑(25克根瘤菌粉加清水100—150毫升調成菌液)拌種,促進花生增產。
 
  適期早播,合理密植
 
  氣溫穩(wěn)定在15℃以上時盡早播種,地膜覆蓋種植可提早7—10天。海南、廣東湛江和茂名、廣西北海等地區(qū)播期一般在2月中下旬至3月初,其他地區(qū)在3月上旬至4月上旬。選擇土壤含水量在65%—75%時播種。華南地區(qū)春季天氣變化大,應等墑播種,干旱時要澆足底墑水,陰雨連綿天氣建議暫緩播種。采用寬窄行起壟單粒(或雙粒)精播種植,寬行距55—60㎝,窄行距25—30㎝,壟高25—30㎝,穴距10—12㎝/每穴播1?;蛘?5—16㎝/每穴播2粒,每畝8000—10000穴。播種深度以墑好宜淺、墑差宜深為原則,播種深度3—5厘米。
 
  科學施肥,適時灌溉
 
  根據(jù)土壤條件、產量水平、品種特性、種植密度等科學施肥。施足底肥,基肥應以腐熟的有機肥為主,配合氮、磷、鉀等化學肥料,一般畝施農家肥1000公斤、N-P-K復合肥30公斤、鈣鎂磷肥50公斤,配施適量的硼、鉬等微肥集中條施在花生播種溝(結莢區(qū))內,預防花生空果,提高單產和品質。若基肥不夠,可在齊苗后10天左右,視苗情追施畝用5—10千克尿素。在花生開花下針期時,可畝追施尿素5—6千克、磷酸二銨5—8千克、硫酸鉀5—6千克或草木灰20—25公斤。結莢期根據(jù)花生生長情況追肥,若發(fā)現(xiàn)早衰則可噴施0.2%磷酸二氫鉀1—2次。根據(jù)需水特點,苗期土壤持水量要求保持在40%—60%,下針結莢期持水量為60%—70%,飽果期持水量為50%—60%。春花生前期遇旱應溝灌適當補水,生長后期進入汛期,應注意排水防澇。
 
  綠色防控,合理化控
 
  優(yōu)先采用農業(yè)、生態(tài)、生物、物理等非化學防控措施,如科學輪作和合理間套作,采取燈光或色板誘殺、機械捕捉害蟲等物理防治措施,或釋放天敵等生物防治措施?;瘜W防治應推廣使用高效、低毒、低殘留藥劑,具體如下:
 
  雜草防控。播種后2天內,每畝用二甲戊靈金都爾按使用說明進行土壤噴霧;芽后人工拔除少量雜草,在花生5葉期如果雜草過多,可選用花生專用芽后除草劑按說明進行化學除草。
 
  病害防治。青枯病、葉斑病、銹病、白絹病等是華南地區(qū)花生常見病害,尤其是青枯病和白絹病等細菌性性土傳病害,以預防為主,青枯病在發(fā)病初期必要時用14%絡氨銅水劑300倍液噴淋根部,白絹病在發(fā)病初期畝施24%噻呋酰胺40—60毫升噴霧防治。葉斑病防治應在始花期用80%代森錳鋅WP 300—400倍液、嘧菌酯或吡唑醚菌酯•代森聯(lián)等殺菌劑噴施,視病害發(fā)生程度防治2—3次,每次間隔7—10天。銹病防治應在發(fā)病初期,用75%百菌清可濕性粉劑500—600倍稀釋液,根據(jù)病情間隔7—15天噴1次,連防2—3次,噴藥時葉背葉面均應噴到,每畝用藥量為90—100克。
 
  蟲鼠害防治。斜紋夜蛾、棉鈴蟲、甜菜夜蛾等食葉害蟲,可于幼蟲3齡前用溴氰菊酯乳油、高效氯氰菊酯乳油、氯蟲苯甲酰胺、辛硫磷乳油兌水噴霧防治;蚜蟲、薊馬等害蟲可用吡蟲啉、噻蟲嗪等進行防治;紅蜘蛛可用噠螨靈、螺螨酯、阿維菌素等進行防治;在播種前和開花后及時使用高效低毒殺鼠劑,放置田間地頭和老鼠經常出沒的地方統(tǒng)一滅鼠,進行鼠害防治。
 
  華南春季雨水充足,氣溫偏高,花生盛花期至結莢初期(一般在主莖高度35 cm時)噴施花生寶、烯效唑等調控劑防病控旺防倒伏。如果花生長勢過旺,在苗期和下針后期用烯效唑或蕓苔素內酯(油菜素內酯)按說明各噴1次。(或者在花生大量下針或封壟期或株高超過 40 cm 時用 100 mg/L 烯效唑或 1 mL/L 蕓苔素內酯進行葉面噴霧,噴后 10 d—15 d,再用 100 mg/L 烯效唑或 1 mL/L 蕓苔素內酯進行葉面噴霧)。長勢欠佳的花生,不采取控旺措施。
 
  適收保質,安全儲藏
 
  以油用為生產目的花生,當莢殼網紋變得明顯,莢果內海綿層收縮并呈現(xiàn)黑褐色光澤,籽粒飽滿成熟(飽果率75%以上),趁晴好天氣及時收獲并盡快晾曬或烘干儲藏,使莢果含水量低于10%,避免花生發(fā)芽或發(fā)霉。以鮮食為生產目的花生,當籽仁飽果率50%以上,趁晴好天氣及時收獲,并冷藏保存。
 
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