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2024年秋冬季設(shè)施番茄科學(xué)施肥指導(dǎo)意見

2024-10-14 09:25:31 來源:全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量:20159 評論

導(dǎo)讀:有機肥與化肥配合施用,合理確定有機肥種類與用量,調(diào)整氮磷鉀化肥用量,非石灰性土壤及酸性土壤需補充鈣、鎂、硼等中微量元素。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新
 
  施肥原則
 
  針對生產(chǎn)中存在化肥用量偏高,養(yǎng)分投入比例不合理,土壤養(yǎng)分積累明顯,過量灌溉、土壤酸化現(xiàn)象普遍,土壤質(zhì)量退化及鈣、鎂、硼等中微量元素供應(yīng)障礙等問題,提出以下施肥原則:
 
  1、有機肥與化肥配合施用,合理確定有機肥種類與用量,調(diào)整氮磷鉀化肥用量,非石灰性土壤及酸性土壤需補充鈣、鎂、硼等中微量元素。
 
  2、根據(jù)作物產(chǎn)量、茬口及土壤肥力合理分配化肥,大部分磷肥基施,氮鉀肥追施。生長前期不宜頻繁追肥,重視花后和中后期追肥。推薦施用增效肥料,提高肥料利用效率,降低養(yǎng)分損失。
 
  3、推廣滴灌施肥技術(shù),遵循少量多次的灌溉施肥原則,做到控水控肥、提質(zhì)增產(chǎn)、提高水肥利用效率。
 
  4、土壤退化的老棚需進行秸稈還田或施用高碳氮比的有機肥,少施禽糞肥,增加輪作次數(shù),減輕土壤鹽漬化和連作障礙。
 
  5、土壤酸化嚴重時應(yīng)適量施用石灰調(diào)理土壤。
 
  6、施肥與高產(chǎn)栽培結(jié)合,選育高產(chǎn)耐密品種,提高育苗質(zhì)量,采用合理種植密度,選擇適宜播期/移栽期。
 
  施肥建議
 
  1、基肥施用充分腐熟的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)家肥3—4方/畝,或者優(yōu)質(zhì)商品有機肥300—400公斤/畝。有條件的園區(qū)可采用“以磷定量”的方法確定有機肥用量,提倡施用高碳磷比有機物料。依據(jù)土壤肥力條件,適當調(diào)整化肥用量。
 
  2、產(chǎn)量水平8000—10000公斤/畝,氮肥(N)20—25公斤/畝,磷肥(P2O5)8—10公斤/畝,鉀肥(K2O)22—28公斤/畝。
 
  3、產(chǎn)量水平6000—8000公斤/畝,氮肥(N)15—20公斤/畝,磷肥(P2O5)6—8公斤/畝,鉀肥(K2O)17—22公斤/畝。
 
  4、產(chǎn)量水平4000—6000公斤/畝,氮肥(N)12—15公斤/畝,磷肥(P2O5)5—7公斤/畝,鉀肥(K2O)14—17公斤/畝。
 
  5、基肥重視有機無機配施,70%以上的磷肥作基肥條(穴)施,其余隨復(fù)合肥追施,20%—30%氮鉀肥基施,70%—80%在花后至果穗膨大期間分4—8次隨水追施,每次追施氮肥(N)不超過3公斤/畝。雨水充沛的區(qū)域,提倡施用含脲酶抑制劑、硝化抑制劑的氮肥。在低溫、寡照等極端環(huán)境下,可施用含氨基酸、黃腐酸、海藻酸等功能性物質(zhì)的肥料,促根同時增強作物抗逆性。如采用滴灌施肥技術(shù),在開花坐果期、結(jié)果期和盛果期每間隔7—10天追肥一次,每次施氮(N)量可降至2—3公斤/畝。
 
  6、菜田土壤pH<6時易出現(xiàn)鈣、鎂、硼缺乏,可基施石灰(鈣肥)50—75公斤/畝、無水硫酸鎂(鎂肥)4—6公斤/畝。在開花期至盛果期葉面噴施2—3次0.1%硼肥水溶液、2—4次螯合態(tài)鈣肥和硫酸鎂肥。
 
  來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司、全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科學(xué)施肥專家指導(dǎo)組
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