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【實用技術(shù)】迎秋收 馬鈴薯機械化收獲注意事項

2024-08-30 09:01:21 來源:烏蘭察布市農(nóng)牧局 閱讀量:18015 評論

導(dǎo)讀:馬鈴薯一般在 9 月初開始收獲,也就是當(dāng)馬鈴薯莖葉大部分枯黃,并容易與植株莖分離時,選擇土壤不潮濕,天氣晴朗的日子開始收獲。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 馬鈴薯收獲機械就是由輪式拖拉機配套,一次進地可完成挖掘、分離升運和放鋪作業(yè),由于機械收獲馬鈴薯工作效率高,可大幅度的縮短收獲期,防止早期霜凍的危害,減少收獲損失,還可以減輕勞動強度。馬鈴薯一般在 9 月初開始收獲,也就是當(dāng)馬鈴薯莖葉大部分枯黃,并容易與植株莖分離時,選擇土壤不潮濕,天氣晴朗的日子開始收獲。
 
  一、駕駛與調(diào)節(jié)
 
  1.正式作業(yè)前,應(yīng)調(diào)整好限深輪的位置,保證挖掘鏟與限深輪在合理的相對位置上,通常要求挖掘深度在 20cm 左右為宜。調(diào)整好割秧刀與地面的距離,距離不能過大或過小,距離過大,薯秧如果不能全部打碎,留著的薯秧就會進入到振動篩上,影響薯塊的分離;距離過小,結(jié)在土壤上部的馬鈴薯就容易碰傷。調(diào)整的方法是調(diào)整地輪的高度,地輪的高度降低,割秧刀離地面的距離就小;地輪的高度升高,割秧刀離地面的距離就大。同時檢查各部位機械結(jié)構(gòu)是否可靠固定并合理潤滑,確認無誤可啟動拖拉機,并將挖掘鏟尖升起離開耕地表面,空轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘檢查收獲機有無異響,確認無誤 方可進地作業(yè)。作業(yè)時,速度不能過快,要以中等速度勻速行進,拖拉機要順壟溝直線行走,不能壓壞壟臺,以免損傷馬鈴薯和給挖 掘造成影響。應(yīng)緩慢放開離合器踏板,保證起步的平穩(wěn)性,并同時控制挖掘鏟逐漸下降達到工作深度,然后加大油門至正常行進速度。
 
  挖掘馬鈴薯時,應(yīng)使限深輪位于馬鈴薯秧的外側(cè),保證挖掘的可靠性,并避免馬鈴薯損失。
 
  2.挖掘機的作業(yè)質(zhì)量是機械收獲的關(guān)鍵,應(yīng)隨時檢查調(diào)整。根據(jù)作業(yè)情況隨時調(diào)整挖掘深度,挖掘鏟入土過淺,容易損傷薯塊,也起不干凈;挖掘鏟入土過深,不但增加拖拉機的工作負荷,也使馬鈴薯與泥土難以分離清楚,馬鈴薯容易埋在土里丟失。調(diào)整左右兩側(cè)托輪的高度,可以改變挖掘深度;改變挖掘鏟兩端固定螺釘?shù)奈恢茫梢愿淖兺诰蜱P的入土角度,使之獲得更好的收獲效果。隨時查看耕地中馬鈴薯的收凈率,檢查是否存在馬鈴薯破碎或表皮損傷嚴重的問題。若發(fā)現(xiàn)馬鈴薯損失較為嚴重,應(yīng)停車檢查機械結(jié)構(gòu) 是否出現(xiàn)故障或調(diào)整不當(dāng),重點查看挖掘深度是否適宜,若機械結(jié)構(gòu)無故障,則應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低行進和收獲速度。
 
  3.駕駛員應(yīng)當(dāng)密切關(guān)注馬鈴薯收獲機的工作狀態(tài),發(fā)現(xiàn)存在異常的振動、噪音應(yīng)及時的停車檢查,避免較大的石塊、雜草纏繞對收獲機造成的損壞。同時還應(yīng)注意駕駛的安全性,嚴禁收獲作業(yè)過程中違規(guī)載人,保證運轉(zhuǎn)的機械遠離無關(guān)人員,避免生產(chǎn)安全事故的發(fā)生。
 
  二、維修和保養(yǎng)
 
  1.在每次作業(yè)完成后,應(yīng)認真清潔收獲機表面和關(guān)鍵工作部件的泥土及雜物,檢查關(guān)鍵位置緊固情況,查看傳動鏈條的磨損狀態(tài),發(fā)現(xiàn)磨損嚴重的應(yīng)及時予以更換。
 
  2.收獲機使用一段時間后,應(yīng)及時更換潤滑油并檢查傳動齒 輪的磨損情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)齒輪磨損嚴重的應(yīng)及時進行調(diào)整、修復(fù)或更換。對于新購置的收獲機在使用一段時間后,還應(yīng)注意對傳動箱的雜質(zhì)進行清洗,以保證傳動系統(tǒng)長久可靠的工作。
 
  3.由于馬鈴薯收獲機屬于季節(jié)性農(nóng)機,每年的應(yīng)用時間較短,因此在作業(yè)完成后需長期閑置時,應(yīng)將挖掘刀墊起,使其與地面脫離,并將裸露在外的金屬部件進行涂油防銹,然后對其進行妥善的遮蓋。
 
  文章來源:農(nóng)牧業(yè)機械化服務(wù)中心
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