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2024年天津市夏玉米單產(chǎn)提升技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-06-20 08:47:44 來源:天津市農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:13548 評論

導(dǎo)讀:夏玉米單產(chǎn)提升按照“精選良種、一播全苗、優(yōu)化群體、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)”的技術(shù)路線,以提質(zhì)增密促壯苗播種、綠色防災(zāi)減災(zāi)以及適時收獲增重提質(zhì)為重點,以提高整齊度和密度為目標(biāo),著力提高播種質(zhì)量,確保苗全苗勻苗壯,構(gòu)建合理高產(chǎn)群體。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 針對我市夏玉米單產(chǎn)提升關(guān)鍵制約因素,結(jié)合2024年我市夏玉米季氣候特點,確保玉米單產(chǎn)明顯提高,打牢中長期單產(chǎn)提升基礎(chǔ)。夏玉米單產(chǎn)提升按照“精選良種、一播全苗、優(yōu)化群體、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)”的技術(shù)路線,以提質(zhì)增密促壯苗播種、綠色防災(zāi)減災(zāi)以及適時收獲增重提質(zhì)為重點,以提高整齊度和密度為目標(biāo),著力提高播種質(zhì)量,確保苗全苗勻苗壯,構(gòu)建合理高產(chǎn)群體。
 
  一、提質(zhì)增密促壯苗播種技術(shù)
 
  1.選用優(yōu)良品種和優(yōu)質(zhì)種子
 
  根據(jù)生產(chǎn)和市場需求,科學(xué)選用熟期適宜、耐密抗倒、抗逆廣適、高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、適宜機械收獲的玉米良種。根據(jù)近幾年種植情況與綜合表現(xiàn),建議選用新單58、京農(nóng)科728、聯(lián)創(chuàng)825、中科玉505等品種。
 
  選購高質(zhì)量包衣種子,發(fā)芽率達(dá)到95%以上,確保滿足機械單粒精密播種要求。選用精品種子,按種子大小進(jìn)行分級,大小均勻一致的種子放在一起播種以提高下籽均勻度和出苗整齊度;經(jīng)過大小分級后的種子,進(jìn)行 1~2天的曬種,以提高種子活力和發(fā)芽率。
 
  2.適期適墑播種
 
  小麥?zhǔn)斋@后及時搶種,爭取6月25日前播完。底墑不足的,及時噴(滴)水,確保一播全苗。
 
  3.“四比空”提質(zhì)增密播種
 
  播種前,小麥秸稈粉碎還田,秸稈粉碎長度應(yīng)小于10厘米,拋灑均勻,確保播種質(zhì)量。增施秸稈腐熟劑,加速秸稈腐解。
 
  確定適宜行距和種植密度。適宜播種密度為5500粒/畝左右。“四比空”種植,行距為60厘米—100厘米,株距為17.3厘米左右,確?;久?000株/畝以上,播種深度3厘米~5厘米。播種時要做到株行距、深度均勻一致,不漏播、不擁堵。
 
  4.種肥同播技術(shù)
 
  根據(jù)玉米需肥規(guī)律和土壤供肥性能,推廣種肥同播簡化高效施肥技術(shù),即播種時一次性施足長效緩控玉米專用肥,一般需施入40公斤/畝~45公斤/畝(養(yǎng)分含量≥45%)。高產(chǎn)田(畝產(chǎn)700公斤以上)對養(yǎng)分需求增加,一般需施入長效緩控玉米專用肥45公斤/畝~55公斤/畝(養(yǎng)分含量≥45%)、硫酸鋅1公斤/畝~2公斤/畝。有條件的地區(qū),采用水肥一體化技術(shù),提高出苗整齊度和水肥利用效率。
 
  二、綠色防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)
 
  1.綠色防控病蟲草害,防災(zāi)減災(zāi)
 
  加強玉米“三蟲兩病”特別是草地貪夜蛾等突發(fā)性、暴食性、流行性病蟲害動態(tài)監(jiān)測和預(yù)報預(yù)警,大力推進(jìn)綠色防控、生物防控和專業(yè)化統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,減少化學(xué)農(nóng)藥用量,提高防控效果。播種時,隨肥底施阿維·毒死蜱(含量15%)2公斤/畝,防治地下害蟲。重點防除葉斑病、南方銹病、玉米螟、黏蟲、穗呀、雜草等病蟲草害。
 
  玉米播后、出苗前及時進(jìn)行化學(xué)封閉除草,或在苗期(三葉一心至五葉期)選用適宜除草劑進(jìn)行苗后除草。規(guī)范噴藥時機、方法和用量,避免重噴、漏噴和發(fā)生藥害,提高除草效果。
 
  2.加強氣象災(zāi)害監(jiān)測,防災(zāi)減災(zāi)
 
  加強干旱、高溫、澇害、風(fēng)災(zāi)等災(zāi)害監(jiān)測預(yù)警,關(guān)鍵生育時期遭遇高溫天氣和嚴(yán)重干旱,應(yīng)及時進(jìn)行灌溉;遭遇澇漬,應(yīng)及時排水。通過種植耐熱品種和及時灌溉,以及葉面噴施微肥等措施,防御高溫?zé)岷Α?br /> 
  3.化控防倒伏,防災(zāi)減損
 
  針對玉米群體密度增加,倒伏危險性加大、穗長變短、禿尖變長等問題,推廣噴施化控劑技術(shù),防倒伏、擴穗長、降禿尖,提高玉米產(chǎn)量、改善品質(zhì)。在玉米7葉期~11葉期(可見葉)噴施抗倒伏化學(xué)調(diào)控劑,增強密植群體抗倒性,提高產(chǎn)量。
 
  三、適時收獲增重提質(zhì)技術(shù)
 
  推行適期晚收,于10月5日~8日收獲,盡可能利用10月初的光熱資源,發(fā)揮品種高產(chǎn)潛力,爭取夏玉米能正常成熟,提高后期灌漿粒重。應(yīng)在不耽誤小麥播種的情況下,在玉米籽粒乳線消失時用聯(lián)合收割機進(jìn)行適時收獲。玉米收獲后應(yīng)及時進(jìn)行晾曬或烘干,防止霉變。
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