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2024年馬鈴薯科學(xué)灌溉技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-05-15 08:53:27 來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:10539 評論

導(dǎo)讀:本區(qū)域包括黑龍江、吉林、遼寧三省西部、內(nèi)蒙古、河北北部、山西北部種植區(qū)域,春旱多發(fā)頻發(fā)。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新
 
  一、東北和華北一作區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況。本區(qū)域包括黑龍江、吉林、遼寧三省西部、內(nèi)蒙古、河北北部、山西北部種植區(qū)域,春旱多發(fā)頻發(fā)。目前遼寧西部局地、內(nèi)蒙古中部和東南部分地區(qū)、河北張家口和承德部分地區(qū)墑情不足,其它地區(qū)墑情適宜。
 
  (二)灌溉建議。本區(qū)域水資源緊缺,水澆地要加快推進地面灌溉向高效灌溉轉(zhuǎn)變,少量多次灌水,配套水肥一體化技術(shù),促進增產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。
 
  采用滴灌、噴灌的地塊,當(dāng)苗期、塊莖形成期、塊莖膨大期壟頂正下方20cm土壤相對含水量低于70%時,應(yīng)及時灌溉。采用溝灌方式的地塊,全生育期土壤相對含水量低于65%時,及時灌溉,注意灌水不沒過壟。收獲前10天停止灌溉。采用水肥一體化技術(shù)追施水溶肥、液體肥,應(yīng)少量多次進行,收獲前20天停止施用氮肥。旱地應(yīng)充分利用自然降水,推廣深松深翻,納雨蓄墑。采用保水劑和長效肥底施,土施保水劑3-5公斤/畝,蓄水保墑。華北旱地宜采用全生物降解膜覆蓋,膜上覆土約3cm,保墑增溫。干旱發(fā)生時,要及時噴施葉面肥、水溶肥等,增強抗旱抗逆能力。缺鉀地區(qū)應(yīng)注意補施鉀肥,加強鋅、硼等微量元素肥料施用。
 
  (三)節(jié)灌措施。可采取以下節(jié)水補灌措施:一是滴灌,每次灌水6-10m3/畝。二是噴灌,每次灌水10-15m3/畝。三是溝灌,每次灌水約40 m3/畝,溝內(nèi)水位低于壟頂5cm。
 
  二、西北一作區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況。本區(qū)域包括甘肅、寧夏、陜西西北部、青海東部和新疆。水資源匱乏,十年九旱,蒸發(fā)量大。目前陜西北部部分地區(qū)、甘肅中部和隴東、寧夏南部局地墑情不足,其它地區(qū)墑情適宜。
 
  (二)灌溉建議。以高效灌溉、抑蒸保墑為核心,采取壟膜溝灌、膜下滴灌并配套水肥一體化技術(shù),促進穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。
 
  采取膜下滴灌的地塊,當(dāng)全生育期壟頂正下方20cm土壤相對含水量低于70%時,應(yīng)及時灌溉,追施水溶肥,收獲前5天停止灌溉,收獲前20天停止施用氮肥。采取壟膜溝灌的地塊,當(dāng)全生育期壟頂正下方20cm土壤相對含水量低于65%時,應(yīng)及時灌溉,注意灌水不浸沒壟,灌后中耕除草,收獲前10天停止灌水。旱地推廣全生物降解膜覆蓋,膜上覆土約3cm,覆膜前土施保水劑3-5公斤/畝,配套長效肥等。塊莖形成期缺肥可打孔追肥。適時噴施葉面肥、水溶肥,增強抗旱能力。應(yīng)注意補充鉀肥及鋅、硼等微量元素肥料的施用。
 
  (三)節(jié)措施。本區(qū)域為渠灌和井灌混合區(qū),可采用以下節(jié)水灌溉措施:一是壟膜溝灌,每次灌水約40 m3/畝。二是膜下滴灌,當(dāng)土壤含水量達到設(shè)定的下限時開始灌水,少量多次,每次灌水量約10 m3/畝。
 
  三、中東部二作區(qū)
 
  基本情況。本區(qū)域包括河北中南部、山東、河南、江蘇北部,屬于濕潤和半濕潤氣候區(qū),以春種馬鈴薯為主,易發(fā)生春旱。目前河北中南部部分地區(qū)、山東局地、河南西部局地墑情不足,其它地區(qū)墑情適宜。
 
  (二)灌溉建議。堅持抗旱和防澇并重,春季發(fā)生干旱時及時補灌,臨近收獲時可能降水偏多,應(yīng)及時排水,避免積水沒壟。抓好田間水分管理,促進馬鈴薯穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。
 
  推廣高壟種植,防止?jié)n澇,增加土壤透氣性。采用滴灌時,應(yīng)保證馬鈴薯全生育期壟頂正下方20cm土壤相對含水量不低于70%,收獲前5天停止灌溉。采用溝灌時,馬鈴薯全生育期壟頂正下方20cm土壤相對含水量不低于65%,灌水不浸沒過壟,收獲前7-10天停止灌水。注重補施鋅、硼等微量元素肥料。
 
  (三)排灌措施。可以采取以下節(jié)水措施:一是溝灌,每次灌水約40 m3/畝。二是滴灌,每次灌水約3-6 m3/畝。汛期來臨前根據(jù)地形挖好田間排水溝,疏通溝渠,及時排澇。
 
  四、西南混作區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況。本區(qū)域包括云南、貴州、四川、重慶、湖北和湖南兩省西部、陜西安康地區(qū)。水資源較為豐富,但易發(fā)生季節(jié)性干旱。
 
  (二)灌排建議。堅持抗旱與防澇并重,灌溉與排水結(jié)合,抓好田間水分管理,促進馬鈴薯穩(wěn)產(chǎn)豐產(chǎn)。
 
  目標產(chǎn)量高的地塊,應(yīng)高壟覆黑膜種植,并采用膜下滴灌水肥一體化技術(shù)。當(dāng)苗期、塊莖形成期、塊莖膨大期壟頂正下方20cm土壤相對含水量低于70%時,應(yīng)及時滴灌,收獲前5天停止灌水,收獲前20天停止施用氮肥。采取溝灌的地塊,當(dāng)苗期、塊莖形成期、塊莖膨大期壟頂正下方20cm土壤相對含水量低于65%時,及時灌溉,灌水不浸沒過壟,收獲前7-10天停止灌水。該區(qū)域汛期易出現(xiàn)連陰雨和暴雨等災(zāi)害性天氣,雨后及時清溝排水,降低田間濕度和漬澇危害。天晴后及時中耕培土除草,改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu),提高根系活力。
 
  (三)排灌措施。可采取以下節(jié)水灌溉措施:一是滴灌,每次灌水3-6 m3/畝。二是溝灌,每次灌水約30 m3/畝。三是淋灌,每次灌水4-6 m3/畝。降雨偏多地區(qū)應(yīng)開挖配套排水溝,及時清除溝渠內(nèi)淤泥雜草,排澇降漬。
 
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