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2024年山西省春油菜生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-04-11 08:56:28 來源:山西省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量:15457 評論

導(dǎo)讀:大力推進(jìn)機(jī)收減損技術(shù)。因地制宜推廣分段收獲等機(jī)收減損技術(shù),提高農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)收獲水平,不斷降低油菜機(jī)械化收獲損失,確保油菜穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】 為切實加強(qiáng)技術(shù)支撐,進(jìn)一步提升我省春油菜生產(chǎn)水平,結(jié)合氣象條件和生產(chǎn)實際,特制定2024年山西省春油菜生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  一、整地施肥
 
  選擇小麥、蠶豆、馬鈴薯等非十字花科作物為前茬的地塊。秋季收獲后深松深翻深松,吸納雪水,蓄水保墑。如秋季未翻地,待春季冰雪融化后及時播種、鎮(zhèn)壓,使表土形成一層硬殼,達(dá)到防風(fēng)保墑的目的。
 
  播種前施足底肥,使用油菜專用肥或緩釋肥,每畝施用1500公斤腐熟有機(jī)肥,施用純氮6~8公斤,純磷3~5公斤,純鉀2~4公斤。苔期結(jié)合澆水或自然降雨每畝追施尿素5~8公斤。
 
  二、選用良種
 
  我省各春油菜產(chǎn)區(qū)的生態(tài)條件差異較大,要根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)條件,因地制宜選擇適合當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)條件、增產(chǎn)潛力大、品質(zhì)優(yōu)、抗逆性強(qiáng)、便于機(jī)械收獲的優(yōu)良品種。推薦選用晉油、青雜、隴油等系列品種。
 
  三、適時播種
 
  春油菜一般在4月下旬~5月上旬播種,根據(jù)實際情況選擇適用播種機(jī)
 
  (一)播前準(zhǔn)備。播種前噴施化學(xué)除草劑封閉土壤。正式作業(yè)前,在地頭試播10~20米,根據(jù)試播情況調(diào)試機(jī)具。
 
  (二)搶墑播種。土壤含水量30%~40%有利于播種和出苗。采用機(jī)械直播,一次完成旋耕、施肥、播種、覆土。行距為40厘米,播種深度2~3厘米,種肥同播,播后進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓。
 
  (三)留苗密度。每畝留苗1.8萬~2萬株,減少后期補(bǔ)苗、間苗工作量。
 
  四、田間管理
 
  (一)中耕除草。一般進(jìn)行1~2次。中耕的深度一般宜先淺、后深,旺苗宜深,弱苗宜淺。中耕松土的時間、次數(shù)和深度,應(yīng)根據(jù)油菜生長發(fā)育狀況、土壤情況、氣候特點及雜草生長等情況而定。一般間苗后進(jìn)行第一次中耕,中耕深度為4~5厘米;第二次中耕在7~8片葉時進(jìn)行,中耕深度為6~8厘米。
 
  (二)節(jié)水補(bǔ)灌。旱情嚴(yán)重時,有灌溉條件的節(jié)水補(bǔ)灌1~2次,水分浸透后,擇時松土保墑。
 
  (三)一噴多促。增次增量噴施磷酸二氫鉀,花后噴施0.5%磷酸二氫鉀葉面肥3~4次,充分利用磷酸二氫鉀的抗逆高光效作用增粒增重提單產(chǎn)。
 
  (四)病蟲害防治。我省油菜病蟲害主要有病毒病、霜霉病、白粉病、根腐病和蚜蟲、黃條跳甲、菜根蠅、菜青蟲等,須抓好油菜病蟲害的預(yù)測預(yù)報及防治工作。采用農(nóng)業(yè)防治、物理防治和生物防治為主,化學(xué)防治為輔的綜合防治技術(shù),通過選用抗病優(yōu)良品種、輪作倒茬、及時拔除病株、摘除病葉、頻振式殺蟲燈、黃板、性誘劑、藥劑拌種等措施防治病蟲害。
 
  五、適時收獲
 
  大力推進(jìn)機(jī)收減損技術(shù)。因地制宜推廣分段收獲等機(jī)收減損技術(shù),提高農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)收獲水平,不斷降低油菜機(jī)械化收獲損失,確保油菜穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。
 
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