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小麥無人機追肥技術指導意見

2024-04-08 08:56:39 來源:全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心 閱讀量:13543 評論

導讀:小麥追施肥時有效播撒幅寬3—5 米、作業(yè)高度3—4米、飛行速度4—6米/秒,每畝施肥量誤差不超過5%,具備自主作業(yè)、智能避障、漏堵報警、實時監(jiān)控和軌跡記錄等功能。

  【農機網 科技創(chuàng)新
 
  一、適用區(qū)域
 
  適用于小麥主產區(qū)。
 
  二、技術要點
 
  (一)無人機選擇
 
  選擇當?shù)剞r業(yè)生產中普遍使用的農用無人機,有效負載50公斤以上為宜。小麥追施肥時有效播撒幅寬3—5 米、作業(yè)高度3—4米、飛行速度4—6米/秒,每畝施肥量誤差不超過5%,具備自主作業(yè)、智能避障、漏堵報警、實時監(jiān)控和軌跡記錄等功能。
 
  (二)肥料選
 
  無人機撒施肥料一般以氮肥為主,常選用尿素;葉面噴施時應選擇溶解性好的氮磷鉀和中微量元素肥料,如尿素、磷酸二氫鉀、硫酸鎂、硫酸鋅、硼酸、鉬酸銨等,或大量元素水溶肥、中量元素水溶肥料、微量元素水溶肥料、含氨基酸水溶肥料、含腐植酸水溶肥料、有機水溶肥料等。
 
  (三)肥料用量
 
  1、撒施
 
  一般在返青到拔節(jié)初期或起身期進行,北方春麥區(qū)和西北旱作區(qū)視苗情長勢每畝追施尿素6—8公斤,黃淮麥區(qū)每畝追施尿素8—15公斤,西南麥區(qū)每畝追施尿素6—8公斤,長江中下游麥區(qū)每畝追施尿素8—10公斤。
 
  2、葉面噴施
 
  可在小麥不同生長期視苗情長勢和天氣情況進行,噴施肥料的用量如下表。
 
  注:每畝用水量不少于3升,取肥料用量上限時,用水量不少5升。噴施肥液濃度尿素不超過10%, 磷酸二氫鉀不超過3%,七水硫酸鎂和七水硫酸鋅不超3%,硼酸不超過2%,鉬酸銨不超過1%。
 
  (四)施肥建議
 
  1、采用無人機撒施肥料,通常應選擇在返青到拔節(jié)初期或起身期的降雨前后或灌溉前進行。
 
  2、晚播或弱苗田塊,以及早春受天氣等影響不能通過土施或隨灌溉追肥時,可先在返青和拔節(jié)期葉面噴施適量氮肥和磷肥1—2次,緩解養(yǎng)分缺乏對小麥生長造成的不良影響,促進分蘗生長。
 
  3、早春受凍麥田及時噴施適量氮肥,缺磷田塊采用氮肥和磷肥結合噴施1—2次,促進盡早復壯。
 
  4、在拔節(jié)期和揚花至灌漿前期根據(jù)苗情噴施氮肥和磷肥1—2次,增加穗粒數(shù)、提高粒重。
 
  5、干熱風多發(fā)地區(qū)在孕穗至灌漿期中期噴施磷酸二氫鉀1—2次,或根據(jù)天氣預報,在干熱風來臨前7天結合一噴三防噴施磷酸二氫鉀1次,降低干熱風危害。
 
  6、土壤缺鋅地區(qū)在拔節(jié)至孕穗期或灌漿初期噴施鋅肥2—3次;土壤缺鉬地區(qū)在返青期和拔節(jié)期噴施鉬肥1—2次;土壤缺硼地區(qū)在孕穗期噴施硼肥1—2次。
 
  作業(yè)程序
 
  1、使用無人機追施肥前,應根據(jù)作業(yè)區(qū)地理情況設置無人機的飛行高度、速度、噴幅、航線方向、噴灑量、霧化顆粒大小等參數(shù)并試飛,試飛正常后方可進行飛行作業(yè)。
 
  葉面噴肥作業(yè)前,應按照建議的肥料濃度用清水溶解肥料,待肥料全部溶解后,靜置3—5分鐘,取清液噴施。
 
  3、葉面噴肥作業(yè)應在風力小于3級的陰天或晴天傍晚進行,防止灼傷麥苗,確保肥效。
 
  4、追肥作業(yè)后,應記錄無人機作業(yè)情況。葉面噴肥后若遇雨,應重新噴施。
 
  5、噴施作業(yè)結束后,通過觀察小麥長勢決定是否再次噴施,前后兩次噴施至少間隔7—10天,不可盲目噴施造成肥害。
 
  三、注意事項
 
  1、無人機操作人員應持證上崗,做好防護措施。無人機轉運時應遠離,禁止觸摸。
 
  2、肥料混合噴施時應按照品種特性和使用說明進行混配。
 
  3、嚴格遵守無人機飛行相關法律法規(guī)。
 
  來源:農業(yè)農村部種植業(yè)管理司、全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心、農業(yè)農村部科學施肥專家指導組
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