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2024年春小麥科學(xué)灌溉技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-04-02 09:28:42 來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:16688 評論

導(dǎo)讀:總體看,去冬今春春麥區(qū)降水較多,3月中上旬東北西部、內(nèi)蒙古東部、青海東部、甘肅大部、新疆北部和南部降水較常年同期偏多,春播期土壤墑情明顯好于去年,對麥播有利。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 春小麥主要分布在我國西北、東北地區(qū),3月初起春小麥陸續(xù)播種。總體看,去冬今春春麥區(qū)降水較多,3月中上旬東北西部、內(nèi)蒙古東部、青海東部、甘肅大部、新疆北部和南部降水較常年同期偏多,春播期土壤墑情明顯好于去年,對麥播有利。各地應(yīng)加強(qiáng)墑情監(jiān)測,適時播種,因墑因苗指導(dǎo)春小麥灌溉,加強(qiáng)水肥管理,促進(jìn)春小麥單產(chǎn)提升,為今年糧食豐產(chǎn)打下堅實基礎(chǔ)。
 
  西北春麥區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況。本區(qū)域包含內(nèi)蒙古西部、寧夏引黃灌區(qū)、青海部分地區(qū)、甘肅河西灌區(qū)和新疆春小麥區(qū),春小麥生長季降水極少。去冬今春降雪量較往年偏多,可有效補(bǔ)充土壤水分。目前,內(nèi)蒙古河套灌區(qū)、寧夏引黃灌區(qū)、甘肅河西灌區(qū)及新疆春麥區(qū)已經(jīng)陸續(xù)開始播種,整體墑情適宜,適宜春小麥播種出苗。
 
  (二)灌溉建議和措施。本區(qū)域水資源匱乏,降水量少,蒸發(fā)量大,土壤鹽堿化面積大,灌溉是春小麥獲得高產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)措施。灌區(qū)應(yīng)采取深度節(jié)水灌溉措施,根據(jù)土壤墑情、小麥苗情和氣候條件施策,精準(zhǔn)灌溉,科學(xué)施肥,大力推廣淺埋滴灌和噴灌水肥一體化技術(shù),有條件地區(qū)推廣智慧灌溉和精準(zhǔn)施肥,提單產(chǎn)創(chuàng)高產(chǎn)。
 
  本區(qū)域主要為渠灌區(qū)和井灌區(qū),可采取以下三種節(jié)水灌溉措施:
 
  1.滴灌
 
  有灌溉條件的區(qū)域均可采取滴灌水肥一體化技術(shù),節(jié)水抑鹽,提單產(chǎn)創(chuàng)高產(chǎn)。生育期共滴水7—10次,灌水周期8—10天,可根據(jù)墑情和苗情適當(dāng)調(diào)整。小麥二葉一心期滴水量25—30m3/畝,拔節(jié)期、孕穗期、抽穗期每次滴水量約30m3/畝,揚花至成熟期每次灌水量約25m3/畝。配合水肥一體化技術(shù),全生育期共施用氮肥(N)12.4—13.4kg/畝、磷肥(P2O5)9.1—13.7kg/畝、鉀肥(K2O)3.6—7kg/畝。秋季作物收獲后,可根據(jù)土壤鹽堿化情況進(jìn)行淹灌,灌水量100—120m3/畝。
 
  2.噴灌
 
  西北春麥區(qū)也可采用噴灌方式進(jìn)行灌溉,可采用移動式、固定式等噴灌設(shè)備進(jìn)行灌溉,生育期噴灌約6次,可根據(jù)墑情和苗情適當(dāng)調(diào)整灌溉次數(shù)。當(dāng)土壤相對含水量小麥三葉期低于60%、分蘗期低于65%、拔節(jié)期低于65%、孕穗期低于70%、抽穗開花期低于70%時、灌漿期低于65%時,及時進(jìn)行噴灌,每次噴水量25—35m3/畝。秋季作物收獲后,可根據(jù)情況進(jìn)行淹灌,灌水量100—120m3/畝。
 
  3.畦灌
 
  (1)內(nèi)蒙古河套灌區(qū)及寧夏引黃灌溉春麥區(qū):小麥生育期灌水約3次。小麥出苗后,在三葉期前盡量不灌水,促根下扎。如果土壤墑情不足,麥苗長勢偏弱,分蘗期澆第1水,灌水量60—80m3/畝,結(jié)合灌水追施尿素15—20kg/畝,若墑情適宜,麥苗長勢正常,適當(dāng)推遲第1水,但不能晚于拔節(jié)期。抽穗開花期土壤相對含水量低于65%時,澆第2水,灌水量60—80m3/畝。灌漿期墑情不足可適量澆第3水,灌水量40—50m3/畝,后期灌水選擇無風(fēng)天氣,防止倒伏。作物收獲后,秋季適時進(jìn)行匯地蓄水,灌水量100—120m3/畝,壓鹽儲墑。
 
  (2)新疆和甘肅河西春麥區(qū):生育期灌水3—4次。第1次灌水在3葉期進(jìn)行,根據(jù)麥苗的長勢確定灌水量,畝灌溉60—80m3;第2次灌水在拔節(jié)孕穗期進(jìn)行,畝灌溉60—80m3,長勢偏旺的麥田或墑情過多的麥田,適當(dāng)推遲灌溉;揚花灌漿期根據(jù)墑情狀況進(jìn)行第3次灌水,灌水量50—60m3/畝。灌漿中后期根據(jù)墑情進(jìn)行第4次灌水,灌水量40—50m3/畝。灌3、4水時應(yīng)密切關(guān)注大風(fēng)天氣,避免灌水不當(dāng)引起倒伏減產(chǎn)。秋季作物收獲后,可根據(jù)情況進(jìn)行漫灌,灌水量100—120m3/畝,增墑壓鹽。
 
  東北春麥區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況。本區(qū)域包含黑龍江及內(nèi)蒙古東北部,去冬今春降水較多,目前大部分地區(qū)土壤墑情適宜,局地墑情過多。
 
  (二)灌排建議和措施。本區(qū)域降水較多,播種期和后期常因降水偏多導(dǎo)致墑情過多,局地易形成濕澇,影響春季播種和秋季收獲,應(yīng)注重散墑排澇。
 
  針對去冬今春降水較多,一些早春墑情過高地塊要根據(jù)具體情況采取耙雪整地等散墑措施,確保適墑適期播種。有水澆條件的田塊,在二葉一心期和拔節(jié)期,適時灌水,隨水畝施純氮3—5kg;抽穗至開花期,隨水畝追施純氮2—3kg,若葉色深綠,可不追氮肥。旱地小麥拔節(jié)前后遇到5mm以上有效降雨,可趁墑畝追純氮2kg左右。在抽穗期至灌漿期,結(jié)合“一噴三防”噴施葉面肥和生長調(diào)節(jié)劑1—2次,每次間隔7—10天。當(dāng)生長后期、雨水偏多易出現(xiàn)濕澇的地塊,應(yīng)盡快抽水,排澇降漬。
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