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火紅小辣椒 紅火大產業(yè) 辣椒全程機械化鼓起百姓錢袋子

2023-11-28 11:06:40 來源:新疆巴州農業(yè)農村機械化發(fā)展中心 閱讀量:17611 評論

導讀:辣椒是世界上種植面積最大的蔬菜,產值和效益位居各蔬菜作物之首。新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州簡稱巴州,總面積47.15萬平方公里,擁有“華夏第一州”的美譽。

  【農機網 地方農機】新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)巴州農業(yè)農村機械化發(fā)展中心聚焦辣椒全程機械化,積極探索建立“政府+企業(yè)+高校+農戶”的產學研推一體化模式,整合多方資源,攻克了移栽機“效率低、故障多”和機采辣椒“兩高一低”等技術難題,取得了良好的經濟效益和社會效益。
 
  一、基本情況
 
  辣椒是世界上種植面積最大的蔬菜,產值和效益位居各蔬菜作物之首。新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州簡稱巴州,總面積47.15萬平方公里,擁有“華夏第一州”的美譽,農業(yè)資源十分豐富。州域內的焉耆盆地是新疆辣椒生產重要基地之一,生產的色素辣椒紅色素、辣椒堿、辣紅素含量高、品質好,廣泛應用于食品、醫(yī)藥和軍工,年種植面積超過50萬畝,畝均收入5522元,這一紅色產業(yè)成為當?shù)剞r業(yè)增效、農民增收、農村發(fā)展的主導產業(yè)。然而,在2020年以前種植辣椒不是一件容易事,辣椒栽苗、采摘是一項十分繁重的體力活,每到農忙季節(jié),忙碌勞作的栽苗工、采摘工布滿田間地頭,每畝近2000元的人工栽苗、采摘成本幾乎占據(jù)種植成本的一半,“機器換人”成為了推動農民持續(xù)增收的必然選擇。
 
  二、主要做法
 
  (一)自動移栽,萬千椒苗巧搬家
 
  在新疆種植辣椒需要克服生育期不足、保水保墑等困難,膜下移栽成為了新疆辣椒種植的必要環(huán)節(jié)。膜下移栽技術,需要在大棚提前進行穴盤育苗,4月在耕整好的地里鋪上農膜和滴灌帶,在合適時間再將大棚里的辣椒苗移栽到地里。短短二十天的移栽作業(yè)時間,超過50萬畝的辣椒地,幾千萬的穴盤苗,人工移栽所需人工數(shù)量和栽苗效率遠遠無法滿足生產需要。巴州農機發(fā)展中心聯(lián)合本地企業(yè)潛心研發(fā),由巴州良佳農機制造公司研發(fā)的第八代高速自動投苗移栽機,實現(xiàn)自動取苗、投苗、膜上打孔、栽植、覆土等先進功能,作業(yè)效率最高每天34畝,取得國家發(fā)明專利3項,實用新型專利16項,2021年被評為新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科學技術二等獎,2023年4月在中央廣播電視總臺《我愛發(fā)明》欄目播出。同時,積極引進內地田耐爾、北卡等多家移栽機示范推廣,助力辣椒移栽機從“有機可用”到“有好機可用”,成為農機戶掙錢好幫手。焉耆縣五號渠鄉(xiāng)蘇學文看到移栽市場商機,2023年投資近60萬元購買16臺移栽機,當年移栽作業(yè)面積5000余畝,創(chuàng)收79萬元,成為小有名氣的致富帶頭人。
 
2021年9月,不對行辣椒收獲機在和靜縣作業(yè)
 
  (二)機械收獲,仿生柔指收回來
 
  近年來市場上主流的滾筒彈齒辣椒收獲機,收獲板椒破損率高、含雜率高,影響銷售價格。巴州農機發(fā)展中心聯(lián)合多個生產企業(yè),先后研發(fā)了包裹橡膠的“仿生柔齒”滾筒辣椒收獲機和模仿手捋動作“雙螺旋對輥”收獲機,將破損率、含雜率有效降至X%。“雙螺旋對輥排刷辣椒柔性對行收獲技術集成及裝備示范推廣”成果獲得2022年自治區(qū)農機科技創(chuàng)新獎。焉耆縣富強農機作業(yè)專業(yè)合作社有新疆機械研究院、山東春明農機制造有限公司生產的辣椒收獲機6臺,2022年辣椒機械采收作業(yè)面積1.3萬畝,作業(yè)收入390萬元。
 
2023年4月,在焉耆縣包爾海鄉(xiāng)舉辦辣椒機械化移栽演示展示觀摩會
 
  (三)積極探索,農機農藝互融互促
 
  為改變農民傳統(tǒng)觀念,推廣機械移栽、機械收獲及配套技術,巴州農機發(fā)展中心通過豐產機采模式對比試驗,篩選1.25米1膜2管和1米1膜2管適宜機收的辣椒豐產種植模式,制訂穴盤式全自動移栽機操作技術規(guī)程和巴州板椒聯(lián)合收獲機作業(yè)技術規(guī)范兩項地方標準,不斷促進農機裝備和栽植模式有效融合。3年來,先后組織召開辣椒機械移栽、收獲現(xiàn)場會26場次、辣椒機械化技術研討會、農機農藝融合研討班、辣椒生產機械化技術發(fā)展論壇等各類培訓班39期,制作辣椒技術教學片、宣傳片11部。建立5個辣椒全程機械化示范區(qū),核心示范區(qū)面積超3萬畝,輻射帶動超40萬畝。通過示范區(qū)帶動、現(xiàn)場觀摩、技術培訓和宣傳推廣,使廣大辣椒種植戶接受新觀念、使用新裝備,以辣椒機械移栽和機采技術為主的辣椒全程機械化技術得以廣泛推廣運用。
 
  2022年6月,巴州農業(yè)農村機械化發(fā)展中心正高級農藝師在博湖縣培訓辣椒機械化采收技術
 
  三、取得成效
 
  據(jù)2022年統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),辣椒移栽機械化技術,人工移栽每畝成本約250元,機械移栽每畝成本約180元/畝,較人工節(jié)省成本70元/畝。增加產量。機械移栽效率高、質量好、緩苗快、抗倒伏,可有效延長辣椒生育期,較人工移栽能增產約5%。
 
  據(jù)2022年統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),人工采摘費用每畝地1800元,機械收獲費用僅有300元,每畝地可節(jié)約成本1500元。
 
  使用機械移栽,效率是人工的50倍;機械采收效率是人工的200倍,可有效緩解農忙時節(jié)用工緊張。
 
  四、經驗啟示
 
  巴州農業(yè)農村機械化發(fā)展中心(以下簡稱“巴州農機發(fā)展中心”)錨定辣椒全程機械化“機械移栽”“板椒機收”兩大堵點,積極探索建立“政府+企業(yè)+高校+農戶”的產學研推一體化模式,整合多方資源,先后與自治區(qū)農機學會、新疆農科院、新疆農大、巴音職業(yè)技術學院、巴州良佳等20余個科研院所、高等學校、生產企業(yè)達成合作,攻克了移栽機“效率低、故障多”和機采辣椒“兩高一低”等技術難題。近三年來,巴州辣椒全程機械化水平年增長率10%以上,年均為農民節(jié)本增效上億元,截至2022年,全州擁有辣椒移栽機1092臺、辣椒采收機158臺,辣椒全程機械化率70.3%,僅移栽、采摘環(huán)節(jié)減少勞動用工2萬人、節(jié)本增效1.71億元,取得了良好的經濟效益和社會效益,真正把“論文寫在大地上、成果留在農民家”,為全面推進鄉(xiāng)村振興、加快農業(yè)農村現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展的貢獻了“農機”力量。
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