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秸稈還田利與弊

2022-12-02 09:44:07 來(lái)源:江蘇省農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站 閱讀量:18396 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:經(jīng)過(guò)多年的努力,秸稈還田工作已經(jīng)深入人心,人們認(rèn)識(shí)到秸稈還田的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】經(jīng)過(guò)多年的努力,秸稈還田工作已經(jīng)深入人心,人們認(rèn)識(shí)到秸稈還田的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。然而,事物都有兩面性,不能放大他缺點(diǎn),但也要認(rèn)識(shí)他的不足?,F(xiàn)在,有些地區(qū)要求的時(shí)間內(nèi)焚燒,但大部分區(qū)域仍禁焚,我們就秸稈還田的利弊做一下分析,并提出方法解決短缺項(xiàng),更好的貫徹落實(shí)國(guó)家推廣秸稈還田的大要求。
 
  (一)秸稈還田的利:
 
  1.降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。
 
  從人工收割到半機(jī)械化,再到現(xiàn)在的機(jī)械化作業(yè),簡(jiǎn)化了太多工序,農(nóng)民真正從土地當(dāng)中解放了出來(lái),只是在種、管、收各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中充當(dāng)了指揮者的身份。秸稈還田就是農(nóng)業(yè)自動(dòng)化的一種體現(xiàn),便利性的提高,勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的降低,農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力大量轉(zhuǎn)入城鎮(zhèn)務(wù)工,部分人員只是在農(nóng)忙時(shí)節(jié)抽取時(shí)間輔助生產(chǎn)。
 
  2.補(bǔ)充土壤養(yǎng)分。
 
  作物秸稈含有一定的養(yǎng)分和纖維素、半纖維素、木質(zhì)素、蛋白質(zhì)、灰分元素等,既有較多有機(jī)質(zhì),又有氮、磷、鉀等營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素。秸稈還田,使土壤中的有機(jī)物有效增加,避免造成土壤肥力下降,使作物生長(zhǎng)所需養(yǎng)分相對(duì)均衡。秸稈還田具有促進(jìn)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)及氮、磷、鉀等含量的增加,協(xié)調(diào)比例失調(diào)的矛盾,提高土壤水分的保蓄能力。
 
  3.促進(jìn)微生物活動(dòng)。
 
  土壤微生物在整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)鏈中具有分解土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和凈化土壤的作用。有機(jī)物的合成由植物葉綠素來(lái)完成,由土壤微生物來(lái)完成有機(jī)物的分解工作。秸稈還田給土壤微生物增添了大量物質(zhì)源,各類(lèi)微生物數(shù)量和酶活性也相應(yīng)增加。這就促進(jìn)了對(duì)有機(jī)物質(zhì)的分解和礦物質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的轉(zhuǎn)化,使土壤中的氮、磷、鉀等元素增加,土壤養(yǎng)分的有效性也有所提高。經(jīng)微生物分解轉(zhuǎn)化后產(chǎn)生的纖維素、木質(zhì)素、多糖和腐殖酸等黑色膠體物,具有粘結(jié)土粒的能力,同黏土礦物形成有機(jī)與無(wú)機(jī)的復(fù)合體,促進(jìn)土壤形成團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu),使土壤容量減輕,增加土壤中水、肥、氣、熱的協(xié)調(diào)能力,提高土壤保水、保肥、供肥的能力,改善土壤理化性狀。通過(guò)秸稈還田,能有效改良土壤、加速生土熟化、提高土壤肥力;秸稈還田能改善植株性狀,提高作物產(chǎn)量;改善土壤性狀,增加團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
 
  4.減少化肥使用量。
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都很注重施肥結(jié)構(gòu),如美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)化肥的施用量一直控制在總施肥量的1/3以?xún)?nèi),加拿大、美國(guó)為降低施肥量,大部分玉米、小麥的秸稈都還田。作物所吸收的氮主要來(lái)自土壤中的原有氮素,來(lái)自化肥的僅占23%-25%。這說(shuō)明即使施用化肥,土壤有機(jī)物對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)仍是非常重要的。秸稈還田的增肥增產(chǎn)作用顯著,一般可增產(chǎn)5%-10%,是促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、高產(chǎn),走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路的重要途徑。所以,秸稈還田是彌補(bǔ)化肥長(zhǎng)期使用缺陷的極好辦法。
 
  5.改善農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。
 
  原來(lái)農(nóng)村80%的秸稈主要采取燃燒處理,造成污染空氣、影響交通、土壤表層焦化等,有時(shí)還引起火災(zāi)。另外,秸稈隨意處置還會(huì)影響農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。所以秸稈還田有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的綜合利用。
 
  (二)秸稈還田的弊:
 
  1.還田量過(guò)大,增加成本;
 
  由于秸稈還田量過(guò)大或不均勻易發(fā)生土壤秸稈還田生物(即秸稈轉(zhuǎn)化的微生物)與作物幼苗爭(zhēng)奪養(yǎng)分的矛盾。所以一般每畝秸稈粉碎翻壓還田不超過(guò)300公斤,最多不超過(guò)500公斤,否則,會(huì)影響秸稈在土壤中的分解速度及作物產(chǎn)量。因此在秸稈直接還田時(shí),一般還應(yīng)適當(dāng)增施一些氮肥,缺磷的補(bǔ)施磷肥,或者增施一些菌肥,加速秸稈的腐化分解,但這樣又會(huì)增加秸稈還田的成本,有時(shí)農(nóng)民也不樂(lè)意。
 
  2.土壤間隙大,死苗弱苗;
 
  秸稈翻壓還田后,使土壤變得過(guò)松,孔隙大小比例不均、大孔隙過(guò)多,導(dǎo)致跑風(fēng),常出現(xiàn)種苗“吊根”情況,甚至出現(xiàn)黃苗、死苗、斷壟等現(xiàn)象。我們應(yīng)該采取的措施是適時(shí)灌水,或用石砣碾壓,使土壤與種子接觸緊密,能夠正常發(fā)芽?;蛘呤羌哟蠓鬯榧?xì)度,最好達(dá)到3.5厘米以下,但這樣就會(huì)增加能耗,加大成本。
 
  3.病原體帶入,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加大;
 
  秸稈上往往帶有大量病菌和蟲(chóng)卵,在秸稈粉碎過(guò)程中無(wú)法殺死,還田后留在土壤里,病蟲(chóng)害就會(huì)直接發(fā)生或者越冬來(lái)年發(fā)生。秸稈還田給地下害蟲(chóng)帶來(lái)了生存的環(huán)境和空間,近幾年呈現(xiàn)逐年上升勢(shì)頭。一般采取土壤處理及種衣劑拌種進(jìn)行預(yù)防。
 
  秸稈還田是世界上普遍重視的一項(xiàng)培肥地力的增產(chǎn)措施,在杜絕了秸稈焚燒所造成的大氣污染的同時(shí)還有增肥增產(chǎn)作用。但若方式方法不當(dāng),可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種問(wèn)題:首先就是有礙主茬小麥的出苗和苗齊苗壯;如果農(nóng)田土壤保墑措施再跟不上,還會(huì)加速耕層土壤"綠水"的丟失,進(jìn)而對(duì)于冬小麥的創(chuàng)高產(chǎn)不利。可以說(shuō),秸稈還田的麥田出苗不齊和苗黃問(wèn)題是秸稈還田操作不標(biāo)準(zhǔn),連帶引起小麥播種質(zhì)量差所造成的。為了避免來(lái)年不再產(chǎn)生秸稈還田引起出苗不好和麥苗發(fā)黃等問(wèn)題,對(duì)于秸稈直接還田技術(shù)提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議:
 
  1.應(yīng)使用無(wú)病健壯的植物秸稈還田,對(duì)上茬有病害作物植株盡可能運(yùn)出農(nóng)田銷(xiāo)毀,防止傳播病菌,加重下茬作物病害。
 
  2.各類(lèi)秸稈收割后最好立即耕翻入土,提高土壤墑情,以避免水分損失而不易腐解,在水田上更應(yīng)注意。秸稈還田后,在腐解過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多有機(jī)酸,在水田中易累積,濃度大時(shí)會(huì)造成危害。因此在水田水漿管理上應(yīng)采取"干濕交替、淺水勤灌"的方法,并適時(shí)擱田,改善土壤通氣性。
 
  3.要用足夠馬力的機(jī)械將秸稈切碎,長(zhǎng)度不超過(guò)5厘米,耕翻入土深度在20厘米以下,覆土要蓋嚴(yán)、鎮(zhèn)壓保墑,既可加速秸稈分解,又不影響播種出苗。這會(huì)加大農(nóng)機(jī)操作者的投資,農(nóng)民要想保障監(jiān)督落實(shí)是關(guān)鍵。
 
  4.配合施用氮、磷肥。新鮮的秸稈碳、氮化大,施入田地時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)微生物與作物爭(zhēng)肥現(xiàn)象。秸稈在腐熟的過(guò)程中,會(huì)消耗土壤中的氮素等速效養(yǎng)分。在秸稈還田的同時(shí),要配合施用碳酸氫銨、過(guò)磷酸鈣等肥料,補(bǔ)充土壤中的速效養(yǎng)分。
 
  5.提高播種質(zhì)量。首先要優(yōu)選種子,對(duì)病情嚴(yán)重地塊,有針對(duì)性的選擇抗病性種子,并采取高效的種衣劑拌種,在根源上減少病害的發(fā)生。
 
  6.翻壓時(shí)間與水分管理??蛇吺崭钸吀瘢檬斋@時(shí)含水較多,及時(shí)耕埋利于腐解。土壤水分狀況是決定麥秸腐解速度的重要因素。在水分管理上,對(duì)土壤墑情差的,耕翻后應(yīng)立即灌水;而墑情好的則應(yīng)鎮(zhèn)壓保墑,促使土壤密實(shí),以利于秸稈吸水分解。冬小麥越冬水的作用對(duì)于秸稈還田地塊更加明顯,能有效促進(jìn)秸稈腐熟、土壤間隙小、小麥根系發(fā)達(dá)等。
 
  秸稈還田無(wú)形中增加了老百姓的種植成本,糧食價(jià)格本來(lái)不高,因此影響力農(nóng)民的還田積極性。秸稈還田是國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)所需,采取有效方式方法規(guī)避秸稈還田所帶來(lái)的弊病,科學(xué)管理農(nóng)田種植,環(huán)保和豐產(chǎn)我們也可以兼得。
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