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胡椒初加工機(jī)械系列及熱帶作物施肥一體機(jī)等團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)立項(xiàng)

2022-10-25 15:28:41 來源:中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部 閱讀量:12188 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)有“香料之王”的美譽(yù),原產(chǎn)于印度西南海岸的熱帶雨林。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 政策與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)有“香料之王”的美譽(yù),原產(chǎn)于印度西南海岸的熱帶雨林,廣泛分布于熱帶、亞熱帶地區(qū)。越南、巴西、印度尼西亞、印度、中國、馬來西亞是胡椒的主產(chǎn)國家,在我國主要分布于海南、廣東和云南等地。胡椒是重要的熱帶農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,全球年消耗量在35萬噸以上,我國年需量在3.5萬至4萬噸之間,主要用于調(diào)味品、食品添加劑、醫(yī)藥等領(lǐng)域,其中最主要的成品為白胡椒。
 
  鮮胡椒從樹上摘下來后,要經(jīng)過脫粒、脫皮、晾干才能變成人們常見的胡椒粒。胡椒脫粒是胡椒初加工環(huán)節(jié)中較為關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)。隨著當(dāng)前行業(yè)發(fā)展,胡椒的脫粒技術(shù)水平不斷提高,胡椒的脫粒新技術(shù)得到應(yīng)用和推廣。但是在脫粒環(huán)節(jié)中,由于采用的措施與方法繁多,導(dǎo)致脫粒技術(shù)術(shù)語等方面出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容重疊、定義重復(fù),相關(guān)企業(yè)在加工生產(chǎn)該機(jī)械時(shí)產(chǎn)生矛盾,導(dǎo)致胡椒脫粒機(jī)械化發(fā)展不平衡。上述問題皆是由于缺少相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與規(guī)范所導(dǎo)致的。為了促進(jìn)胡椒脫粒機(jī)械的發(fā)展,應(yīng)繼續(xù)完善該行業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。
 
  現(xiàn)有的胡椒脫皮方法主要有傳統(tǒng)水浸泡法、化學(xué)脫皮法、生物酶法和機(jī)械脫皮法四種。機(jī)械脫皮法采用脫皮部件與胡椒果粒相互摩擦作用的方式進(jìn)行脫皮,但工藝需按照脫粒(人工或機(jī)械法)、風(fēng)機(jī)去梗、青熟果粒分選、熟化、脫皮、機(jī)械漂洗、干燥、除雜、分級(jí)等流程才能得到品質(zhì)較佳的成品,過程涉及的設(shè)備較多,工況復(fù)雜,成本較高,同時(shí)還存在因操作不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的脫皮不徹底、果核破損率高和浪費(fèi)較嚴(yán)重等問題。該法已經(jīng)成為胡椒初加工的主流模式,但與現(xiàn)有的自營農(nóng)產(chǎn)品種植和管理模式還不相符,急需通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)揮行業(yè)推廣作用。
 
  在白胡椒生產(chǎn)過程中,熟化也是很重要的一個(gè)步驟。這個(gè)過程需要相應(yīng)的對(duì)胡椒鮮果粒進(jìn)行熟化的設(shè)備,即熟化機(jī)。但由于胡椒熟化的過程受到多種因素的影響,存在熟化過熟或不熟的現(xiàn)象,造成熟化效率低,影響脫皮效果,因此急需一個(gè)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來對(duì)胡椒加工過程提供技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。其中,胡椒熟化所需的蒸汽發(fā)生器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是企業(yè)加工胡椒的重要依據(jù),是保證胡椒質(zhì)量,提高胡椒市場競爭力的前提條件,同時(shí)也是生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)能力的綜合反映,同樣需要進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,以完善和制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)揮行業(yè)推廣作用。
 
  有鑒于此,中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)胡椒初加工機(jī)械——胡椒鮮果脫粒機(jī)、胡椒鮮果脫皮機(jī)、胡椒熟化機(jī)和胡椒初加工機(jī)械(配套) 胡椒熟化蒸汽發(fā)生器等機(jī)械和配套設(shè)備進(jìn)行團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)立項(xiàng)。擬共同起草的單位包括中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械研究所、海南省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械鑒定推廣站、昆明康立信電子機(jī)械有限公司、海南星匯達(dá)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技有限公司等。
 
  熱帶作物是適于熱帶地區(qū)栽培的各類經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的總稱,在中國通常指在熱帶地區(qū)栽種的特種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,種植范圍主要在廣東、海南、廣西、云南 、福建、中國臺(tái)灣等省(自治區(qū)),我國熱帶作物種植面積約占全國土地面積的5%,世界面積的1%。熱帶作物是我國重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物和特有資源,也是我國熱帶地區(qū)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),在推進(jìn)熱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、增加農(nóng)民收入等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。
 
  熱帶作物常為多年生植物,種植方式多為行植且行距較大,受高溫高濕等環(huán)境影響,往往需要在不同農(nóng)藝環(huán)節(jié)、不同齡期進(jìn)行多次施肥以達(dá)到茁壯成長和高產(chǎn)的目的。根據(jù)種植農(nóng)藝的需求,肥料的施撒方式多以開溝后施肥覆土的模式進(jìn)行,目的是進(jìn)行須根培育以實(shí)現(xiàn)養(yǎng)分吸收。因熱帶作物地表多以藤類雜草為主,為便于施肥機(jī)械化管理,施肥以刮板式切藤開溝施肥一體化技術(shù)為主。中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)刮板式切藤開溝施肥一體機(jī)團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行立項(xiàng),擬共同起草的單位包括中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械研究所、華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)、海南省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械鑒定推廣站、徐聞曲界友好農(nóng)具廠、廣東農(nóng)墾友好農(nóng)場有限公司等。
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