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臺風(fēng)吹倒的玉米如何機(jī)械化收割能減小損失?黑龍江省發(fā)布技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2020-09-10 10:09:58 來源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:42745 評論

導(dǎo)讀:《指導(dǎo)意見》從機(jī)車調(diào)試、改裝機(jī)具、收獲時(shí)間、作業(yè)方式、收儲烘干等幾方面進(jìn)行了指導(dǎo),以期科學(xué)開展秋季收獲,努力減少臺風(fēng)帶來的損失。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 由于近期東北部分地區(qū)連續(xù)多次遭遇臺風(fēng)暴雨等惡劣天氣侵襲,致使玉米嚴(yán)重倒伏,為有效應(yīng)對臺風(fēng)災(zāi)害,科學(xué)開展秋季收獲,努力減少倒伏玉米收獲損失,9月8日,黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣總站發(fā)布《倒伏玉米機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》,供各地結(jié)合本地實(shí)際參照執(zhí)行。
 
  《指導(dǎo)意見》從機(jī)車調(diào)試、改裝機(jī)具、收獲時(shí)間、作業(yè)方式、收儲烘干等幾方面進(jìn)行了指導(dǎo),以期科學(xué)開展秋季收獲,努力減少臺風(fēng)帶來的損失。
 
  一、抓緊機(jī)車調(diào)試,務(wù)求良好工況
 
  各地農(nóng)機(jī)化部門要立即行動起來,組織農(nóng)機(jī)合作社、農(nóng)機(jī)大戶按照玉米抗倒伏收獲的要求,做好試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),先局部后整體,認(rèn)真檢查行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、割臺、輸送、剝皮、脫粒、清選、卸糧等機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、傳動、操作、調(diào)整等情況,檢查升降系統(tǒng)是否工作正常,檢查有無異常響聲和漏油、漏水情況;割臺、機(jī)架等部件有無變形等,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題逐一解決,使機(jī)具達(dá)到工作狀態(tài),并做好易換零配件的儲備,預(yù)防和減少作業(yè)故障的發(fā)生,提高收獲質(zhì)量和效率。
 
  有條件的地區(qū)要準(zhǔn)備好履帶式玉米收獲機(jī),本地抗災(zāi)能力不足的要及時(shí)溝通協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)車跨區(qū)作業(yè)服務(wù)。
 
  二、改進(jìn)改裝機(jī)具,提高收獲效能
 
  各地農(nóng)機(jī)部門要迅速組織技術(shù)力量,動員農(nóng)機(jī)維修企業(yè),廣泛借鑒各地經(jīng)驗(yàn),視情對現(xiàn)有收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行合理加裝、改進(jìn)和調(diào)整,減少糧食收獲作業(yè)損失,主要有以下幾種改進(jìn)方式:
 
  1.加長扶禾裝置。在收獲機(jī)割臺上加長分禾尖或加裝倒伏扶禾裝置,增加扶禾作業(yè)行程,適當(dāng)降低割臺小傾角度數(shù),使倒伏玉米更加平順進(jìn)入割臺。
 
  2.加裝強(qiáng)制喂入裝置。通過加裝輔助撥禾輪或螺旋扶倒器,增加作物強(qiáng)制喂入功能,使玉米秸稈喂入割臺前盡量扶正,有條件的地區(qū)也可加裝動力撓爪,進(jìn)一步提高倒伏玉米歸集喂入質(zhì)量。
 
  3.改裝內(nèi)部功能結(jié)構(gòu)。一是視情將鐵膠混合剝皮輥改裝為全膠剝皮輥,提高扒皮效果,防止鐵輥溝槽粘連泥土降低作業(yè)效果;二是將排雜輥改為浮動狀態(tài),加裝強(qiáng)力風(fēng)機(jī),將喂入割臺的玉米整株有效排出;三是調(diào)整脫粒滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速和凹板間隙,避免過度揉搓,防止莖葉中的水分進(jìn)入玉米籽粒。
 
  三、選準(zhǔn)收獲時(shí)間,適時(shí)早收搶收
 
  當(dāng)前,要首先加大田中積水排泄力度,保證玉米后續(xù)生長,為機(jī)械進(jìn)地收獲創(chuàng)造條件。其次,根據(jù)天氣情況、地塊特點(diǎn)、品種特性和栽培條件,合理安排收獲順序適時(shí)搶收,盡量選擇露水消退后進(jìn)行收獲,減少莖葉中的水分進(jìn)入籽粒,防止霉變發(fā)生。對于倒伏嚴(yán)重且發(fā)生莖折或根折的玉米,符合青貯條件的可及早進(jìn)行青貯或直接粉碎還田。
 
  第二年準(zhǔn)備實(shí)施保護(hù)性耕作地塊,收獲、運(yùn)輸?shù)溶囕v進(jìn)地作業(yè)時(shí)要求不破壞原壟形,減少進(jìn)地次數(shù),確保玉米原壟免耕播種質(zhì)量。
 
  四、選擇作業(yè)方式,確保收獲質(zhì)量
 
  1.確定收獲方向。對于玉米倒伏方向與種植行垂直的玉米宜采取對行收割方式;對于倒伏方向與種植行平行的作物宜采取逆向?qū)π惺崭罘绞?,有利于?qiáng)制扶起倒伏玉米,減少掉棒及籽粒損失。
 
  2.降低作業(yè)速度。收獲時(shí)通過降檔加油門方式勻速作業(yè),使喂入速度與脫粒速度相協(xié)調(diào),防止倒伏后玉米籽粒濕度較高和果穗粘連泥土等原因造成的堵塞;也可將收獲機(jī)清選風(fēng)量盡可能調(diào)大,進(jìn)而使收獲的籽粒清潔度更高,降低籽粒水分,減少玉米霉變的可能性。
 
  3.降低割臺高度。視玉米倒伏情況,調(diào)整收獲機(jī)分禾器尖與地面的距離,盡量扶起倒伏玉米,割臺要及時(shí)清理,防止秸稈和泥土在割臺堆積,影響作業(yè)效果和效率。
 
  4.選用還田裝置。有人工撿拾條件的地區(qū),收獲作業(yè)時(shí)可斷開秸稈還田裝置動力或?qū)⒃撗b置提升至高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎,方便人工撿拾,減少收獲損失。需要秸稈還田的可利用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)進(jìn)行再次作業(yè)。
 
  5.加裝履帶裝置。有積水或土壤濕度大的地塊,建議采用履帶式收獲機(jī)或收獲機(jī)加裝半履帶進(jìn)行搶收作業(yè)。
 
  五、科學(xué)開展收儲,抓好顆粒歸倉
 
  一是采取果穗收獲方式,要及時(shí)對收集的果穗進(jìn)行清選,剔除霉變,果穗應(yīng)離地儲存,及時(shí)通風(fēng)降水,有條件的可適時(shí)脫粒、烘干、倉儲,保證糧食質(zhì)量;二是采取籽粒收獲方式時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)采用連續(xù)式糧食烘干機(jī)進(jìn)行烘干,水分降低后倉儲,以防霉變損失。
 
  本文由農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(dwjfsy.com)整理發(fā)布,資料來源:黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣總站,如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。
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