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春耕備耕熱潮到來，保護性耕作這一可持續(xù)農業(yè)技術蔚然成風

2020-03-13 16:10:04 來源：農機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：44443 評論

導讀：當前正值疫情防控和春耕備耕的關鍵時期，為統(tǒng)籌抓好新冠肺炎疫情防控和春耕生產(chǎn)工作，抓好春季農業(yè)生產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)“藏糧于地、藏糧于技”， 我國多地都出臺了關于春耕生產(chǎn)工作的相關政策。其中，保護性耕作這一可持續(xù)農業(yè)技術愈加受到重視，大有蔚然成風的趨勢。

　　【農機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】當前正值疫情防控和春耕備耕的關鍵時期，為統(tǒng)籌抓好新冠肺炎疫情防控和春耕生產(chǎn)工作，抓好春季農業(yè)生產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)“藏糧于地、藏糧于技”， 我國多地都出臺了關于春耕生產(chǎn)工作的相關政策。其中，保護性耕作這一可持續(xù)農業(yè)技術愈加受到重視，大有蔚然成風的趨勢。
 
　　什么是保護性耕作？
 
　　什么是保護性耕作？顧名思義，保護性為重點，那么也就意味著我們在農業(yè)機械活動過程中，要注意預防河流泛濫、 沙塵暴猖獗、土壤退化、水土流失等問題，否則就是“破壞性”耕作而非“保護性”耕作了。
 
　　保護性耕作以機械化為基礎，集成秸稈還田覆蓋、少免耕精量播種、高效植保和深松等技術，通過少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技術及地表覆蓋、合理種植等綜合配套措施，從而減少農田土壤侵蝕，保護農田生態(tài)環(huán)境，并獲得生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟效益及社會效益協(xié)調發(fā)展，在蓄水保墑、培肥地力、節(jié)本增效、減少農田土壤侵蝕和保護生態(tài)環(huán)境等方面具有顯著成效，可以實現(xiàn)旱作地區(qū)農業(yè)生產(chǎn)目標和環(huán)境保護目標“雙贏”，綠色、高效，是對傳統(tǒng)耕作的技術革命。
 
　　其涵蓋了秸稈殘茬處理、免(少)耕播種、機械化深松、雜草及病蟲害防治、土壤改良等五個方面，核心技術包括少耕、免耕、緩坡地等高耕作、溝壟耕作、殘茬覆蓋耕作、秸稈覆蓋等農田土壤表面耕作技術及其配套的專用機具等，配套技術包括綠色覆蓋種植、作物輪作、帶狀種植、多作種植、合理密植、沙化草地恢復以及農田防護林建設等。
 
　　主要技術內容有什么？
 
　　少耕、免耕技術：免耕就是除播種之外不進行任何耕作，用免耕播種機一次完成破茬開溝、施肥、播種、覆土和鎮(zhèn)壓作業(yè)，簡化工序，減少機械進地次數(shù)，降低成本。少耕包括深松與表土耕作，深松即疏松深層土壤，基本上不破壞土壤結構和地面植被，可提高天然降雨入滲率，增加土壤含水量。
 
　　秸稈覆蓋技術：主要分為秸稈粉碎還田覆蓋、整稈還田覆蓋和留茬覆蓋三種方式。將作物秸稈、殘茬覆蓋地表，在培肥地力的基礎上，用秸稈蓋土，可以實現(xiàn)根茬固土、保護土壤、減少風蝕水蝕和水分無效蒸發(fā)、提高天然降雨利用率的作用。
 
　　合理化用水、藥和施肥技術：這也是保護性耕作技術的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一，包括節(jié)水灌溉技術、自控精確噴藥技術以及按需施肥及液態(tài)施肥技術。其目的是使農藥和化肥用量實現(xiàn)更大范圍的節(jié)省，以及實現(xiàn)有效保護土壤環(huán)境。
 
　　為什么要推行保護性耕作？
 
　　東北黑土地保護性耕作被提升到國家農業(yè)戰(zhàn)略層面，黑龍江省將保護性耕作重點放在解決機械化秸稈還田耕種上，在全省快速形成保護性耕作技術推廣勢頭。早在2004年，黑龍江省就開展了保護性耕作技術試驗示范，圍繞秸稈還田提高地力這一核心，并探索出了適合當?shù)氐谋Ｗo性耕作技術模式。而《東北黑土地保護性耕作國家行動計劃(2020—2025年)》，提出用5-6年，在東北適宜地區(qū)實施高質量保護性耕作，找到一條運用機械化手段解決東北黑土地保護問題的有效路徑，將保護性耕作納入到頂層設計制定中。
 
　　2019年遼寧沈陽舉辦的“秸稈綜合利用經(jīng)驗交流活動”消息，截至12月，全國秸稈綜合利用率達到85.45%，有10個省利用率超過90%，有9個省利用率超過85%，近50%的縣區(qū)利用率超過90%，秸稈綜合利用總體呈現(xiàn)出穩(wěn)中有進、穩(wěn)中向好的態(tài)勢。
 
　　2019年，黑龍江省財政投資43億元加大秸稈綜合利用率；甘肅省2020年中央財政提前下達部分農業(yè)資源及生態(tài)保護補助資金主要用于支持農作物秸稈綜合化利用2820萬元；江蘇省也提出要適度開展稻秸稈還田作業(yè)補助，鼓勵開展犁耕深翻作業(yè)補助……不僅如此，對購置秸稈還田、保護性耕作等農機具，我國多地也實行了地方財政資金累加補貼政策，市場免耕作業(yè)機械保有量逐漸增加，各項政策利好為保護性耕作發(fā)展提供了生長土壤。

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