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重慶市農(nóng)技總站大力推進果樹肥水（藥）一體化技術(shù)應用

2019-12-05 08:56:23 來源：重慶市農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村委員會 閱讀量：16635 評論

導讀：近年，肥水(藥)一體作為提高果園勞動生產(chǎn)率、實現(xiàn)化肥農(nóng)藥減施的重要技術(shù)手段，越來越受到經(jīng)營業(yè)主的喜愛，應用面積逐年提高，截止2018年，重慶市推廣滴灌、噴灌設施62萬畝，具備肥水(藥)一體化功能應用面積22.7萬畝，其中柑橘滴灌、噴灌設施應用面積13.1萬畝，具備肥水(藥)一體化功能應用面積7.3萬畝。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】
 
　　一、重慶市果樹肥水(藥)一體化技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀
 
　　近年，肥水(藥)一體作為提高果園勞動生產(chǎn)率、實現(xiàn)化肥農(nóng)藥減施的重要技術(shù)手段，越來越受到經(jīng)營業(yè)主的喜愛，應用面積逐年提高，截止2018年，重慶市推廣滴灌、噴灌設施62萬畝，具備肥水(藥)一體化功能應用面積22.7萬畝，其中柑橘滴灌、噴灌設施應用面積13.1萬畝，具備肥水(藥)一體化功能應用面積7.3萬畝。目前，該技術(shù)在長壽、璧山、永川等區(qū)縣地形地貌相對平緩的地區(qū)能夠良好運行，達到了節(jié)省資源、節(jié)約勞動力的效果，但對于云陽、開州、奉節(jié)等山地果園因地勢高差大、地形復雜，管道壓力控制較難，其推廣應用相對滯后。
 
　　重慶市肥水(藥)一體技術(shù)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了從國外引進，逐步實現(xiàn)國產(chǎn)化、輕型化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化過程，目前應用系統(tǒng)可分為四種模式：豬-沼-果肥水一體化灌溉系統(tǒng)、肥水滴噴灌系統(tǒng)、肥水(藥)槍施系統(tǒng)、設施全智能肥水(藥)灌溉系統(tǒng)。其中肥水(藥)槍施系統(tǒng)實用性強、投資成本低、應用面積大，適合中小規(guī)模果園使用。該系統(tǒng)由首部控制系統(tǒng)(肥水藥配兌配置、過濾、加壓系統(tǒng)、混相及控制系統(tǒng))，出水主管、田間支管、出水樁頭及連接軟管等田間管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)，以及田間終端施肥(噴藥)槍(除草器、修枝器等)等組成，其優(yōu)點：一是建造成本低?？偼顿Y只占肥水滴噴灌系統(tǒng)的三分之一左右，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，易維護保養(yǎng)。二是應用功能多。可實現(xiàn)施肥(水溶肥)、打藥、灌溉、修剪、除草、松土等多個功能，且勞動強度較低，施肥效率較傳統(tǒng)人工施肥提高3倍以上，打藥效率提高5-8倍。三是肥水利用率高。由傳統(tǒng)撒施、溝施改為槍施肥，施肥槍直接插入果樹根部的土壤中施肥，肥料利用率大大提高。
 
　　二、技術(shù)存在問題
 
　　但是，該系統(tǒng)應用還存在一系列問題：一是管道極易堵塞。施肥完管道殘留肥液無法充分排出，導致綠藻滋生，堵塞管道。二是精準控制難。部分果園未安裝減壓閥，或管道壓力平衡裝置，導致高差大的山地果園不同區(qū)域壓力差異過大，農(nóng)戶難以精確掌握施肥量、灌水量等。三是選擇肥料少。針對不同作物的水溶性肥料品種少，并且不同品類的水溶肥料的施肥時間、施肥量等缺乏技術(shù)支撐。四是建造標準缺。缺乏肥水(藥)系統(tǒng)建設技術(shù)標準，果園建設無參考依據(jù)等問題。
 
　　三、下一步工作計劃
 
　　為此，重慶市農(nóng)技總站下一步將加強肥水(藥)一體化技術(shù)培訓、指導及試驗示范工作。首先是開展水溶肥比較試驗，通過試驗找出適宜重慶市水果生產(chǎn)的專用水溶肥，得出其水溶度、有效營養(yǎng)成分含量等技術(shù)參數(shù)和指標，為生產(chǎn)企業(yè)提供參考；其次是聯(lián)合肥水(藥)一體化設備生產(chǎn)企業(yè)、果園基地，共同制定相關(guān)技術(shù)標準，為果園建設肥水藥一體系統(tǒng)提供技術(shù)支撐。三是加強對果園設備安裝的技術(shù)支撐、指導工作，尤其是建設設計、設備選型、農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝結(jié)合等，確保果園肥水(藥)一體化系統(tǒng)建成能夠正常使用，確保建成一個成功一個。

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