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當土壤采樣布點遇到遙感技術(shù),會擦出什么樣的火花呢?

2019-07-22 15:04:00 來源:soiltec組委會 閱讀量:18674 評論

導讀:Soiltec China 2019(第四屆中國土壤與地下水高峰論壇)將邀請生態(tài)環(huán)保部衛(wèi)星環(huán)境應(yīng)用中心婁老師分析遙感技術(shù)在土壤污染源監(jiān)管、土壤污染風險管控、土壤調(diào)查布點優(yōu)化、土壤污染反演研究等方面中的應(yīng)用前景,表明遙感技術(shù)可以提高土壤污染監(jiān)測能力,并為土壤環(huán)境管理提供全面宏觀信息。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 展會預(yù)告】 土壤監(jiān)測布點是整個土壤監(jiān)測過程十分重要和困難的一環(huán),如果監(jiān)測布點不當,不能取得有代表性的土樣,那么所得到的數(shù)據(jù)就沒有意義。 獲取有代表性的土壤樣品,土壤采樣布點必須遵循隨機和等量的原則。樣品是由總體中隨機采集的一些個體所組成,個體之間存在變異。因此樣品與總體之間,既存在同質(zhì)的“親緣”關(guān)系,樣品可作為總體的代表,但同時也存在著一定程度的異質(zhì)性,差異愈小,樣品的代表性愈好;反之亦然。為了使采集的監(jiān)測樣品具有好的代表性,必須避免一切主觀因素,使組球總體的個體有同樣的機會被選入樣品,即組成樣品的個體應(yīng)當是隨機地取自總體。另一方面,一組需要相互之間進行比較的樣品應(yīng)當有同樣的個體組成,否則樣本大的個體所組成的樣品,其代表性會大于樣本少的個體組成的樣品。所以“隨機”和“等量”是決定樣品具有同等代表性的重要條件。
 
  一、布點原則
 
  土壤監(jiān)測點位布設(shè)方法和布設(shè)數(shù)量是根據(jù)其目的和要求,并結(jié)合現(xiàn)場勘查結(jié)果確定該區(qū)域內(nèi)土壤監(jiān)測點位。同時必須遵循如下5個原則。
 
  (一)全面性原(二)代表性原則(三)客觀性原則(四)可行性原則(五)連續(xù)性原則
 
  二、布點方法
 
  (一)簡單隨機
 
  將監(jiān)測單元分成網(wǎng)格,每個網(wǎng)格編上號碼,決定采樣點樣品數(shù)后,隨機抽取規(guī)定的樣品數(shù)的樣品,其樣本號碼對應(yīng)的網(wǎng)格號,即為采樣點。隨機號碼的獲得可以利用抽簽的方法。簡單隨機布點是一種完全不帶主觀限制條件的布點方法。
 
  (二)分塊隨機
 
  根據(jù)收集的資料,如果調(diào)查監(jiān)測區(qū)域內(nèi)的土壤有明顯的凡種類型,則可將區(qū)域分成幾塊,每塊內(nèi)污染物較均勻,映間的差異較明顯。將每塊作為一個監(jiān)測單元,在每個監(jiān)測單元內(nèi)再隨機布點。在正確分塊的前提下,分塊布點的代表性比簡單隨機布點好,如果分塊不正確,分塊布點的效果可能會適得其反。
 
  (三)系統(tǒng)隨機
 
  將監(jiān)測區(qū)域分成面積相等的幾部分(網(wǎng)格劃分),每網(wǎng)格內(nèi)布設(shè)一采樣點,這種布點稱為系統(tǒng)隨機布點。如果區(qū)域內(nèi)土壤污染物含量變化較大,系統(tǒng)隨機布點比簡單隨機布點所采樣品的代表性要好。
 
  三、點位數(shù)量
 
  土壤監(jiān)測的布點數(shù)量要滿足樣本容量的基本要求,即由均方差和偏差、變異系數(shù)和相對偏差計算樣品數(shù)是樣品數(shù)的下限數(shù)值。
 
  3.區(qū)域土壤環(huán)境調(diào)查
 
  按調(diào)查的精度不同可從2.5 km、5 km、10 km、20 km、40 km中選擇網(wǎng)距網(wǎng)格布點,區(qū)域內(nèi)的網(wǎng)格節(jié)點數(shù)即為土壤采樣點數(shù)量。
 
  土壤采樣專業(yè)設(shè)備有:鉆探設(shè)備,取樣器,泵,現(xiàn)場快檢分析儀器,手持儀器等等。
 
  那在場地調(diào)查中,如何利用遙感技術(shù)進行布點采樣呢?有哪些優(yōu)勢呢?
 
  屆時,Soiltec China 2019(第四屆中國土壤與地下水高峰論壇)將邀請生態(tài)環(huán)保部衛(wèi)星環(huán)境應(yīng)用中心婁老師分析遙感技術(shù)在土壤污染源監(jiān)管、土壤污染風險管控、土壤調(diào)查布點優(yōu)化、土壤污染反演研究等方面中的應(yīng)用前景,表明遙感技術(shù)可以提高土壤污染監(jiān)測能力,并為土壤環(huán)境管理提供全面宏觀信息。 匯報內(nèi)容以土壤污染源監(jiān)管的必要性、土壤污染源空間信息的重要性及其存在的問題、大數(shù)據(jù)時代的數(shù)據(jù)可獲取性等為切入點,梳理介紹關(guān)于對現(xiàn)階段土壤污染源遙感監(jiān)測目標的幾點思考,并分享土壤污染源空間位置遙感核實、土壤污染企業(yè)及其集聚區(qū)識別、基于機器學習的污染源自動識別等應(yīng)用案例。期待現(xiàn)場精彩分享!
 
  歡迎各位業(yè)內(nèi)人士,專家老師們積極交流報名參會。任何問題,請與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。也可關(guān)注我們(土壤與地下水修復峰會),獲取信息。

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