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玉米籽粒低破碎機械化收獲技術在河南的嘗試

2019-05-07 09:22:46 來源：河南省農(nóng)機技術推廣站　 閱讀量：15741 評論

導讀：玉米籽粒低破碎機械化收獲技術是農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部2018年發(fā)布的十項重大性農(nóng)業(yè)技術之一。為了驗證該技術在河南的應用效果，為推廣提供科學依據(jù)，2018年5月至11月，在3個縣進行了試驗。結(jié)果表明，試驗的8個玉米品種中，迪卡517、新單65、新單68基本能夠滿足籽粒機械化直收要求；河南豪豐4YZL-5自走式玉米籽粒收獲機在試驗的6款機具中表現(xiàn)較好；收獲時籽粒含水率低于23%的品種機械化籽粒收獲效果較好。試

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】玉米籽粒低破碎機械化收獲技術是農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部2018年發(fā)布的十項重大性農(nóng)業(yè)技術之一。為了驗證該技術在河南的應用效果，為推廣提供科學依據(jù)，2018年5月至11月，在3個縣進行了試驗。結(jié)果表明，試驗的8個玉米品種中，迪卡517、新單65、新單68基本能夠滿足籽粒機械化直收要求；河南豪豐4YZL-5自走式玉米籽粒收獲機在試驗的6款機具中表現(xiàn)較好；收獲時籽粒含水率低于23%的品種機械化籽粒收獲效果較好。試驗結(jié)果仍需多年試驗進一步驗證。
 
　　一、試驗背景
 
　　不能實現(xiàn)玉米籽粒機械化直接收獲，是我國玉米生產(chǎn)成本高的重要因素之一。玉米是我國重要的糧食作物，種植面積和總站量長期占糧食作物的位。由于大部分地區(qū)玉米收獲時籽粒含水量較高，不得不采取機械化摘穗、果穗晾曬、脫粒、籽粒晾曬或烘干的技術路線，環(huán)節(jié)多、人工成本高。而美國等玉米生產(chǎn)大國已經(jīng)在上世紀60年代實現(xiàn)了玉米籽粒直接機械化收獲。探索我國玉米籽粒直收機械化技術，對降低玉米生產(chǎn)成本、增加農(nóng)民收入具有重要意義。
 
　　制約我國玉米籽粒直收的主要因素是籽粒含水量高導致的破碎率高、商品率低。本試驗通過試驗驗證和技術集成，優(yōu)選適宜本地玉米籽粒機械化收獲的機械、品種和栽培方式，探索破解的途徑。
 
　　二、試驗設計
 
　　為了做好試驗驗證工作，項目組制定了《玉米籽粒低破碎機械化收獲技術試驗方案》，選擇玉米種植面積較大，開展本試驗基礎條件較好的漯河市舞陽縣、濮陽市濮陽縣和南陽市唐河縣，依托采用玉米籽粒收獲積極性較高的新型農(nóng)機合作組織落實試驗工作，當年累計試驗示范面積1050畝。
 
　　選擇各試驗地點使用較多的河南豪豐4YZL-5自走式玉米籽粒收獲機(機具A)、中聯(lián)重科4YZL-5BZ1自走式玉米籽粒收獲機(機具B)、山東金億MCH80自走式玉米籽粒收獲機(機具C)，以及與谷物聯(lián)合收獲機配套的喜盈盈玉米專用割臺(機具D)、厚德牌玉米專用割臺(機具E)、沃德牌玉米專用割臺(機具F)，對其作業(yè)性能指標進行了測試。
 
　　為測試作業(yè)的效果，組織專家在成熟季節(jié)測定了各試驗的籽粒含雜率、收獲損失率、籽粒破碎率以及收獲時玉米的含水率等技術指標。
 
　　三、試驗結(jié)果
 
　　國標《玉米收獲機械技術條件》(GB/T21962-2008)要求，直接脫粒的玉米收獲方式，收獲損失率不超過5%、籽粒破碎率不超過5%、籽粒含雜率不超過3%。經(jīng)測定，8個玉米品種的部分特性，以及6款玉米籽粒收獲機械的作業(yè)結(jié)果見下表?？梢钥闯觯?br /> 
　　 從8個品種的表現(xiàn)來看，京農(nóng)科728收獲的損失率明顯高于規(guī)定標準，其他品種突出的問題，主要是籽粒的破碎率比較高。8個品種中，迪卡517、新單65、新單68等3個品種的基本能夠滿足籽粒直收要求。
 
　　第二 從6款機具來看，共性問題是收獲是作業(yè)籽粒破碎率過高。相對來說，河南豪豐4YZL-5自走式玉米籽粒收獲機的在收獲損失率、籽粒破碎率、籽粒含雜率三個指標上的表現(xiàn)都比較。中聯(lián)重科4YZL-5BZ1自走式玉米籽粒收獲機則需要在籽粒含雜率和籽粒破碎率兩個方面繼續(xù)改進。其他機具改進的重點是控制籽粒破碎率。
 
　　第三 從收獲時籽粒含水量低于23%的5個試驗、4個品種、3款機具來看，雖然籽粒含水率為18.6%和21.5%的兩個試驗的收獲效果完全符合國家標準要求，但由于試驗數(shù)據(jù)較少，不能排除品種、機具和籽粒含水率的綜合影響，不能確定合適籽粒機收的籽粒含水率。
 
　　需要說明的是，由于受到干旱、高溫熱害、臺風、暴雨等災害性天氣的影響，試驗品種在收獲時有倒伏、穗下垂、秸稈折斷等現(xiàn)象，對機械化籽粒收獲作業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了一定負面影響。雖然大多數(shù)實驗點都使用了中聯(lián)重科4YZL-5BZ1自走式玉米籽粒收獲機作為參照，但玉米品種在不同試點之間重復數(shù)量較少，對比結(jié)果仍需多年試驗數(shù)據(jù)進一步驗證。
 
　　玉米籽粒收獲機試驗結(jié)果
 

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