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虧損、裁員、拋貨，拿什么拯救農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)？

2019-04-28 17:34:58 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：46487 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 前段時間，一拖股份發(fā)布了2018年度業(yè)績虧損公告。2018年公司實現(xiàn)營業(yè)收入55.41億元，同比減少23.25%；歸屬于上市公司股東的凈利潤報虧13億元，同比減少2400.5%。
 
　　一拖股份在2018年8月出現(xiàn)由盈轉(zhuǎn)虧的慘淡局面。公司在2018年實現(xiàn)歸屬于上市公司股東的凈利潤虧損11—14億元，歸屬于上市公司股東扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤為-12.5億元至-15.5億元。年報顯示，一拖股份2018年營收已下滑至上市當(dāng)年(2012年)的一半，自2012年回歸A股以來(2012年至2017年)賺的利潤之和，還不夠去年這一年虧的。作為共和國農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)的“長子”和拖拉機(jī)行業(yè)的，有著60余年發(fā)展歷程的一拖股份似乎正在經(jīng)歷著進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來為嚴(yán)峻的經(jīng)營形勢。

　　去年以來，京東、美團(tuán)、網(wǎng)易等各大企業(yè)裁員消息不斷，經(jīng)濟(jì)下行背景下農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)似乎也不例外。農(nóng)機(jī)市場持續(xù)不景氣，大小農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)為減少成本，不得不開始裁員、減少生產(chǎn)甚至拋貨。
 
　　行業(yè)低迷，企業(yè)生存面臨越來越大的挑戰(zhàn)，不是虧損就是裁員，是什么原因造成當(dāng)前農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)經(jīng)營困難的局面？筆者看來，主要有以下幾種原因：
 
　　市場需求不足。我們都知道，近兩年農(nóng)機(jī)市場飽和嚴(yán)重，尤其是拖拉機(jī)和收獲機(jī)領(lǐng)域下行壓力明顯增加。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，2016年全國農(nóng)機(jī)總動力達(dá)到97245.59萬千瓦/132306.92萬馬力，畝均農(nóng)機(jī)總動力達(dá)到了0.48千瓦/0.654馬力；全國擁有各種拖拉機(jī)2317.02萬臺/37407.06萬千瓦，相當(dāng)于每87畝耕地?fù)碛?臺拖拉機(jī)；2016年我國小麥播種面積為3.628億畝，水稻4.543億畝，擁有稻麥聯(lián)合收割機(jī)142.83萬臺，平均每254畝小麥、318畝水稻配備一臺聯(lián)合收割機(jī)，增長的空間不大；玉米面積為5.514億畝，擁有47.39萬臺玉米聯(lián)合收割機(jī)，平均每1163畝玉米配備一臺聯(lián)合收割機(jī)，增長空間有限。從2016年到現(xiàn)在，市場保有量繼續(xù)增長，主流農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品市場已達(dá)到飽和狀態(tài)，形成“供大于求”的局面。
 
　　惡性競爭，同質(zhì)化嚴(yán)重。不得不承認(rèn)，多年來農(nóng)機(jī)市場充斥著大量中低端產(chǎn)品，企業(yè)間跟風(fēng)、仿冒現(xiàn)象十分普遍，產(chǎn)品同質(zhì)化嚴(yán)重而創(chuàng)新力不足，粗制濫造層出不窮；企業(yè)間的惡性競爭造成“劣幣驅(qū)逐良幣”現(xiàn)象，一些專注增加科技投入、堅持自主研發(fā)的良性企業(yè)因此受到影響，成為了被驅(qū)逐的“良幣”。
 
　　產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)單一，有效供給不足。當(dāng)前，我國主要糧食作物耕種收環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械化已達(dá)到一定水平，但丘陵山區(qū)、經(jīng)濟(jì)作物、畜牧養(yǎng)殖等很多領(lǐng)域還存在空白點(diǎn)，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的很多關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)缺乏適用機(jī)械。這主要是由于農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)研發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力及小眾產(chǎn)品技術(shù)積累起點(diǎn)低、存量小，滿足小眾市場新興需求的能力不夠等。大多企業(yè)扎堆在主流農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域，結(jié)構(gòu)單一，市場飽和后經(jīng)營受到阻礙。
 
　　后要說一下農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼。十幾年來我國農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)的“黃金”發(fā)展離不開2004年開始實施的農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼政策。然而，本是強(qiáng)農(nóng)惠農(nóng)的好政策卻讓部分農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)找到了投機(jī)取巧的方法。在補(bǔ)貼政策實施的*年，農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)投資可謂趨之若鶩，紛紛奔著“補(bǔ)貼資金”這個大蛋糕而來。農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)數(shù)量迅速增長、農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)量迅速增長，而產(chǎn)品卻沒有同步迅速增長。曾經(jīng)有業(yè)內(nèi)人士假設(shè)：如果取消了補(bǔ)貼政策，有哪些農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)會順利生存下來？這是個值得思考的問題。
 
　　等到有一天，農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)不再依賴農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼，而是讓政策發(fā)揮原本的作用，讓農(nóng)民受益的同時享受全面機(jī)械化帶來的便利，到那時，此時“弱不禁風(fēng)”的農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)會真正強(qiáng)大起來，行業(yè)才有望走出低谷，跨入發(fā)展正軌，我國才能真正實現(xiàn)“農(nóng)機(jī)強(qiáng)國”這一共同目標(biāo)。

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