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看美國與日本農(nóng)業(yè)補貼實施方案
2018-06-15
08:56:55
來源:中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:25801
評論
【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 補貼動態(tài)】農(nóng)業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ),是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)。一國農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r不僅關(guān)系到國內(nèi)糧食安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)安全,而且關(guān)系到農(nóng)業(yè)直接參與競爭的能力。為保障農(nóng)業(yè)和糧食安全,我國農(nóng)業(yè)部多年來對農(nóng)民進(jìn)行各種補貼,包括種地補貼、糧食補貼、農(nóng)機購置補貼等等?;谵r(nóng)業(yè)在每個國家所占的重要地位,不止我國,世界各國政府都不同程度地對本國農(nóng)業(yè)實施各種幫扶政策。下面以美國和日本為例,簡單介紹一下國外的農(nóng)業(yè)補貼情況。
美國
美國的農(nóng)業(yè)補貼政策始于20世紀(jì)30年伐,為了維護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者的收入,美國政府制定了一系列的農(nóng)業(yè)支持政策。其中,主要的是制定糧食目標(biāo)價格,對
農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行差額補貼。也就是當(dāng)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品*政府目標(biāo)價格時,農(nóng)場主可以根據(jù)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷售量,從政府手中獲得市場價格與政府目標(biāo)價格之間的差價補貼,從而增加農(nóng)場主的收入,調(diào)動其農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)積極性。另外,為控制農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格下跌,美國政府還對種植面積進(jìn)行限制,實行休耕補貼。這一政策一直延續(xù)到1996年。
1996年美國對原《農(nóng)業(yè)法》進(jìn)行了調(diào)整。在這次調(diào)整中,對保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)資源環(huán)境、鄉(xiāng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、農(nóng)業(yè)科技、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場信息等方面的國家財政投入政策變化不大,但改變了過去對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格支持的政策,將政府對農(nóng)業(yè)的部分國內(nèi)價格支持改為對農(nóng)民收入的支持,并計劃在新法案實施的7年期間給農(nóng)戶約356億美元的收入補貼。政府取消了目標(biāo)價格和市場差價補貼,只保留低保護(hù)價。
到2002年,美國參眾兩院通過了新的《農(nóng)業(yè)法》,對1996年《農(nóng)業(yè)法》進(jìn)行了調(diào)整,決定進(jìn)一步增加政府對農(nóng)業(yè)的撥款。該法案規(guī)定在今后10年內(nèi),政府用于農(nóng)業(yè)的撥款將達(dá)到l 900億美元,比現(xiàn)有的《農(nóng)業(yè)法》所確定的撥款增加了近80%。由此,美國農(nóng)業(yè)補貼大幅提高了補貼水平,并調(diào)整了補貼方式,通過銷售貸款補貼、固定直接補貼和反周期補貼三道保護(hù)線,對種植小麥、玉米、大米、棉花、油料的農(nóng)場主提供收入補貼,構(gòu)成嚴(yán)密的收入安全保護(hù)網(wǎng);同時擴(kuò)大了補貼范圍,除了繼續(xù)對大米、小麥、玉米、高粱、棉花等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行補貼外,又把大豆、油料、花生等產(chǎn)品納入固定直接補貼和反周期補貼范圍,把水果、蔬菜等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品也納入了補貼范圍;另外補貼分配相對集中,巨額補貼主要流向少數(shù)大規(guī)模農(nóng)場,據(jù)美國農(nóng)業(yè)部估計,按新《農(nóng)業(yè)法》的補貼方式,目前30%的大農(nóng)場將獲得70%的補貼,這將有利于擴(kuò)大農(nóng)場規(guī)模和增強競爭力。
日本
日本十分重視維護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè),為農(nóng)業(yè)供給很多補助。日本農(nóng)業(yè)因而被稱為“寵壞了的農(nóng)業(yè)”。在日本農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)省的主頁上,包含林野廳和水產(chǎn)廳在內(nèi),五花八門的補助項目高達(dá)約470種,農(nóng)田維護(hù)和災(zāi)禍防治、土地改良、根底水利、森林病蟲害防治等,農(nóng)林牧漁各方面都得到了體貼入微的補助。補助目標(biāo)有包含全部農(nóng)業(yè)的,也有幾種是對特定目標(biāo)的專門補助。日本農(nóng)業(yè)補助分為軟件補助和硬件補助,硬件補助的目標(biāo)包含機械、設(shè)施等,達(dá)到約400種,主要包含“建造強壯農(nóng)業(yè)補助金”和“農(nóng)業(yè)、食物工業(yè)競爭力強化幫助項目”等,而軟件補助的目標(biāo)則是協(xié)議會、推進(jìn)會議、調(diào)查項目、實證項目等。
結(jié)語
美國和日本都是農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家,無論是農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)還是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平都走在我們前面。從上述內(nèi)容可以看出,主要發(fā)達(dá)國家農(nóng)業(yè)補貼有著強度逐漸增強、補貼方式從價格補貼轉(zhuǎn)向收入補貼以及補貼環(huán)節(jié)從農(nóng)業(yè)流通領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)向生產(chǎn)、科技與環(huán)境領(lǐng)域等特點和趨勢,我國目前處在從農(nóng)業(yè)大國向農(nóng)業(yè)強國轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵時期,基于我國基本國情和農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實際,發(fā)達(dá)國家的農(nóng)業(yè)補貼實施方案或許可以借鑒一二。.
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