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小秸稈大問(wèn)題,如何推進(jìn)農(nóng)作物秸稈綜合利用?

2018-03-12 16:20:34 來(lái)源:中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量:27545 評(píng)論

  【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 在農(nóng)村,農(nóng)作物秸稈的處理一直是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、農(nóng)村污染的一大問(wèn)題。在以前,每到收割季節(jié),農(nóng)民普遍“一把火”燒掉秸稈,濃煙彌漫,既污染了空氣又浪費(fèi)了資源,甚至危及公共安全。近年由于霧霾嚴(yán)重,全國(guó)各地相繼下令禁止露天焚燒秸稈,同時(shí)出臺(tái)一系列扶持政策鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民放棄焚燒、對(duì)秸稈進(jìn)行綜合利用。
 
  秸稈焚燒時(shí)產(chǎn)生的有害氣體不僅會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的大氣污染,還會(huì)危害人體健康;同時(shí)會(huì)影響道路交通和航空安全,引發(fā)交通事故、引發(fā)火災(zāi);秸稈焚燒會(huì)破壞土壤結(jié)構(gòu),造成農(nóng)田質(zhì)量下降。焚燒秸稈危害如此之大,推進(jìn)秸稈綜合利用勢(shì)在必行。目前常見(jiàn)的方法有以下幾種:
 
  1、秸稈肥料化利用。農(nóng)作物收割后將秸稈直接粉碎在田或是漚成肥還到田里。
 
  2、秸稈飼料化利用。將秸稈作為牲畜飼料,用于發(fā)展畜牧業(yè)。
 
  3、秸稈能源化利用。秸稈是制取沼氣的好材料,可通過(guò)厭氧發(fā)酵的方法制取沼氣,農(nóng)民可利用沼氣同時(shí)進(jìn)行做飯和照明。
 
  4、秸稈基料化利用。以小麥、玉米、棉花等作物秸稈為基料,栽培生產(chǎn)食用菌。
 
  2018年秸稈補(bǔ)貼高1000萬(wàn)
  
  由于缺乏正確引導(dǎo)、缺乏處置技術(shù)以及轉(zhuǎn)化成本較高等原因,農(nóng)民對(duì)秸稈進(jìn)行綜合利用的積極性并不高,國(guó)家出臺(tái)補(bǔ)貼政策進(jìn)行積極引導(dǎo)。
 
  2018年秸稈補(bǔ)貼額度:中央財(cái)政對(duì)項(xiàng)目縣(市/區(qū))每個(gè)補(bǔ)貼1000-2000萬(wàn)元,具體補(bǔ)貼額度和方式,由當(dāng)?shù)匕才?也就是說(shuō)每個(gè)縣補(bǔ)貼項(xiàng)目和額度不一樣),基本按照秸稈消化量(噸)來(lái)核算補(bǔ)貼,各個(gè)項(xiàng)目補(bǔ)貼額度不同,從1萬(wàn)元到1000萬(wàn)元都有。農(nóng)民或者農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體(企業(yè)、合作社等)購(gòu)買(mǎi)秸稈相關(guān)農(nóng)機(jī)和設(shè)備,在國(guó)家農(nóng)機(jī)購(gòu)置補(bǔ)貼的基礎(chǔ)上,市級(jí)或是縣級(jí)政府再額外補(bǔ)貼30-50%。
 
  各地秸稈綜合利用工作成效顯著
 
  河北省2017年共爭(zhēng)取農(nóng)業(yè)部秸稈還田利用項(xiàng)目資金8000萬(wàn)元,在9個(gè)試點(diǎn)縣整縣實(shí)施,以點(diǎn)帶面,全省去年秸稈可收集量為5842萬(wàn)噸,資源化利用5656萬(wàn)噸,利用率達(dá)96.8%,秸稈綜合利用水平居*列。今年秸稈綜合利用工作將在去年的基礎(chǔ)上更上一層樓。
 
  近日,北京懷柔區(qū)區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)中心為了尋找農(nóng)作物秸稈綜合利用新出路,有效提高秸稈綜合利用率,鞏固全面禁燒工作成果,在懷柔區(qū)開(kāi)展了秸稈綜合利用調(diào)研工作,通過(guò)了解當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況,為進(jìn)一步做好秸稈綜合利用工作做好技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備。
 
  江蘇南通市2017年省、市、縣三級(jí)財(cái)政共投入資金8351萬(wàn)元用于秸稈還田和秸稈收儲(chǔ)補(bǔ)貼、收儲(chǔ)站點(diǎn)建設(shè)和購(gòu)置機(jī)械設(shè)備獎(jiǎng)補(bǔ);國(guó)家、省級(jí)安排購(gòu)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼資金10570萬(wàn)元,農(nóng)作物秸稈總量412.41萬(wàn)噸,利用量389.93萬(wàn)噸,綜合利用率94.55%。在未來(lái),南通將以培育壯大秸稈利用帶動(dòng)企業(yè),建立完善的收儲(chǔ)利用體系,到2020年秸稈綜合利用率達(dá)到94%,到2022年秸稈綜合利用率達(dá)到95%以上。
 
  國(guó)家鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略的提出為鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展帶來(lái)了的發(fā)展機(jī)遇,而秸稈綜合利用作為全面實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化、改善農(nóng)村環(huán)境的一部分,必將會(huì)得到全面、地推廣,希望在不久的將來(lái),曾讓人頭疼的“秸稈難題”會(huì)得到有效解決。
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