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制造業(yè)尷尬處境:“機(jī)器換人”短缺的還是“人”

2017-10-17 09:48:00 來源:中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量:50805 評(píng)論

  【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】進(jìn)入新常態(tài)的中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì),正在從高速增長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)向中高速增長(zhǎng)。根據(jù)世界各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律可以判斷,我國(guó)的工業(yè)化高潮已經(jīng)基本結(jié)束,創(chuàng)新和轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)將成為我國(guó)新常態(tài)階段經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主旋律。
 
  在我國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)中,企業(yè)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到,靠廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力和外延式擴(kuò)張不僅不可能再獲得豐厚的報(bào)酬,而且可能導(dǎo)致企業(yè)被淘汰。事實(shí)上,許多制造業(yè)企業(yè)已經(jīng)開始尋求技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品上的更新。
 
  2012年底,在浙江、江蘇的傳統(tǒng)制造企業(yè)中逐漸興起了“機(jī)器換人”,眾多企業(yè)紛紛引進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化、自動(dòng)化的裝備進(jìn)行技術(shù)的改造升級(jí)。2014年,隨著“東莞一號(hào)”文件及各項(xiàng)扶持政策的出臺(tái),“機(jī)器換人”在珠三角的制造業(yè)重鎮(zhèn)—東莞轟轟烈烈的開展,并在全國(guó)掀起了一場(chǎng)“機(jī)器換人”的浪潮。
 
  借鑒2014年8月頒布的《東莞市“機(jī)器換人”專項(xiàng)資金管理辦法》,“機(jī)器換人”是進(jìn)一步減少企業(yè)生產(chǎn)用工總量,優(yōu)化工藝技術(shù)流程,提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和產(chǎn)品率,提升企業(yè)發(fā)展質(zhì)量和水平的重大舉措。
 
  現(xiàn)今,機(jī)械化已成為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)、制造業(yè)必不可缺的部分,人類創(chuàng)造了機(jī)械,機(jī)器的制造與使用更離不開“人”。殊不知,技術(shù)人才在我國(guó)還存在較大的缺口。
 
  關(guān)于諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者,截止2017年,*諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的獲得者共有876人,根據(jù)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主國(guó)人數(shù)排名統(tǒng)計(jì),按照獲獎(jiǎng)時(shí)國(guó)籍與原國(guó)籍,美國(guó)共有356名諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者,占據(jù)了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者總?cè)藬?shù)的三分之一。*二的是英國(guó),德國(guó)*三,他們的獲獎(jiǎng)人數(shù)均超過了100人。
 
  雖然科研不等于科技能力,但是在2017科技公司排名中,美國(guó)占據(jù)八家。自上世紀(jì)九十年代以來,*90%以上的應(yīng)用科技創(chuàng)新,背后都有著硅谷的影子。不過值得一提的是富士康是2017科技公司排名中一家上榜的中國(guó)公司。
 
  關(guān)于教育,在世界好的200所大學(xué)中,美國(guó)占據(jù)了75所,英國(guó)占據(jù)了32所,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其它國(guó)家。在美國(guó)國(guó)家局的申請(qǐng)數(shù)目當(dāng)中,日本擁有數(shù)量*二,這一直被視作是日本創(chuàng)新能力的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。
 
  自二戰(zhàn)以后,日本政府極其重視對(duì)教育的投入,以“科技立國(guó)”教育水平一直居于世界前列。并且日本人常常是一輩子只干一個(gè)行業(yè),而技術(shù)制造行業(yè)注重的就是積累,因此,日本對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的注重更加使得其產(chǎn)品擁有更好地用戶體驗(yàn),占據(jù)市場(chǎng)。
 
  說到德國(guó),印象就是德國(guó)人一絲不茍的精神,和他的精密機(jī)械。德國(guó)的科技來源于德國(guó)的教育,更來源于德國(guó)的制造業(yè),德國(guó)對(duì)科研的大力投入使得其工廠的自動(dòng)化,無人化技術(shù)進(jìn)程很快。
 
  天津大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)李家俊在接受采訪時(shí)指出,“一是我國(guó)當(dāng)前高等教育評(píng)價(jià)體系存在趨同化傾向,難以突出以工科為特色的高校為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量和水平。二是現(xiàn)行財(cái)政撥款使用機(jī)制仍以綜合定額加專項(xiàng)補(bǔ)助的模式為主,形式相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單。理科、工科、文科的實(shí)際辦學(xué)成本區(qū)分不夠,工科的辦學(xué)成本和對(duì)制造業(yè)工程人才培養(yǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)未得到充分考慮,這種導(dǎo)向?qū)?huì)嚴(yán)重制約工程人才的培育。”并建議,建立打造“全鏈條”工程人才培養(yǎng)體系,建立和完善制造業(yè)相關(guān)人才標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系,改革企業(yè)職稱評(píng)聘機(jī)制,建立制造業(yè)工程師執(zhí)業(yè)資格制度,加快工程師認(rèn)證與市場(chǎng)接軌,建立企業(yè)行業(yè)參與大學(xué)人才培養(yǎng)的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制等。
 
  筆者認(rèn)為,在我國(guó)關(guān)于“制造業(yè)一線工人”的正面宣揚(yáng)和保護(hù)措施都很欠缺,導(dǎo)致許多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不愿意去制造生產(chǎn)一線工作。與20世紀(jì)五六十年代相比,我國(guó)工程師職業(yè)的社會(huì)認(rèn)可度下降的太多。“機(jī)器換人”換掉的是廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力,缺少的卻是技術(shù)型人才和“工匠”。我國(guó)現(xiàn)已成為制造大國(guó),制造業(yè)是我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。因此,在制造大國(guó)向制造強(qiáng)國(guó)升級(jí)的過程中,各行各業(yè)都得出一份力,我們農(nóng)機(jī)人更應(yīng)如此。
 
  中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng),轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。
 
  資料來源:機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化,光明日?qǐng)?bào)
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