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中國是否適合走美國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化之路？

2017-08-29 14:21:15 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：51837 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 美國作為世界上的*國，其發(fā)達(dá)程度*，在農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展程度上也是稱霸，其機(jī)械化發(fā)展程度相當(dāng)高，而中國作為農(nóng)業(yè)大國，是否可以借鑒美國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)？下文將從農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、地理環(huán)境、農(nóng)業(yè)類型、農(nóng)業(yè)科技投入水平四大方面來分析。
 
　　農(nóng)機(jī)化現(xiàn)狀
 
　　目前華北、東北、新疆等主要糧食產(chǎn)區(qū)部分達(dá)到了綜合機(jī)械化程度，小麥、大豆、玉米、棉花、馬鈴薯等種植收獲環(huán)節(jié)普遍采用專業(yè)的機(jī)械；華中、關(guān)中地區(qū)大部分實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本機(jī)械化，拖拉機(jī)、小型收割機(jī)等等均比較常見；但是部分偏遠(yuǎn)落后地區(qū)、少數(shù)民族地區(qū)還停留在半機(jī)械化水平，牛車、馬車甚至人力勞動還普遍存在。這是中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化不容忽視的現(xiàn)狀。
 
　　地理環(huán)境
 
　　美國耕地面積28億多畝，占國土總面積的20%以上，占世界耕地總面積的13%，約70%以上的耕地都是以大面積連片分布的方式集中在大平原和內(nèi)陸低原，這種大面積連片分布的地理位置為美國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的發(fā)展提供了先天的優(yōu)勢，而中國的耕地破碎化程度太高，具體表現(xiàn)在黃土高原地區(qū)和南方的梯田，有數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國2003年末戶均地塊數(shù)5.722塊,其中規(guī)模不足0.5畝的有2.858塊,規(guī)模在0.5-1.0 畝的有1.194塊，在1.0-2.0畝的有0.813塊,在2.0-3.0畝的有0.342塊,規(guī)模在10畝以上的僅有0.233塊。放眼望去，都沒有10畝以上的一塊平整土地，這種情況短時(shí)間內(nèi)也無法完*，要實(shí)現(xiàn)全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)還有很長的路要走。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)類型
 
　　美國土地資源豐富，農(nóng)業(yè)人口少，形成了以高科技為主的大型農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展的道路，主要體現(xiàn)為大型農(nóng)場為主的現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)類型。中國的情況就比較復(fù)雜，人口眾多，耕地資源分布不平衡，主要農(nóng)業(yè)類型以地域?yàn)橹?，不可能搞美國那種大規(guī)模的機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)科技投入水平
 
　　科學(xué)技術(shù)是生產(chǎn)力。農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，終還是要依靠農(nóng)業(yè)科技的進(jìn)步與創(chuàng)新?？v觀歷史，農(nóng)業(yè)科技始終*和貫穿美國農(nóng)業(yè)的整個(gè)發(fā)展過程，其科研、教育、推廣“三位”一體的龐大體系加巨額經(jīng)費(fèi)投入的模式對推動美國成為世界農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國起到了關(guān)鍵的主導(dǎo)作用。僅在90年代美國每年用于農(nóng)業(yè)科研的經(jīng)費(fèi)就達(dá)到了600多億美元，對農(nóng)業(yè)科技的投入強(qiáng)度明顯大于整個(gè)社會平均的科技投入水平。而有關(guān)分析表明，我國農(nóng)業(yè)科研投資強(qiáng)度僅為0.77%，遠(yuǎn)低于全國科研投資強(qiáng)度1.7%的水平，與美國的大力投入相比，中國的農(nóng)業(yè)科技投入水平相差太大。
 
　　綜上所述，美國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展雖然很強(qiáng)大，但只適用于美國的農(nóng)業(yè)形勢，如果硬將其生產(chǎn)模式搬到中國的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上，那就成了東施效顰。
 

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